• CONVIVIR Is it wise to decapitate organised armed groups? The court ruled that the three US extradition requests, all for charges of drug trafficking and money laundering, respected current Colombian legal procedures and therefore they could now proceed, once the president gave his approval. The militia had its roots in the 1980s … However, the AU discarded its counter-guerilla mission and turned to the illegal drug trade. It also closes the door to the possibility that victims can participate directly in the search for truth about crimes committed during the conflict, and limits access to reparations for damages that were caused. Cuando el descabezamiento del crimen organizado funciona: el caso del Clan del Golfo en Colombia October 25th, 2017. The FARC claims that it represent the rural poor against Colombia’s wealthy classes and opposes U.S. influence in Colombia, the privatization of natural resources, multinational corporations, and rightist violence. "[15], In March 2007, the international fruit corporation, Chiquita, admitted to having paid the AUC from 1997 to 2004 US$1.7 million ostensibly in order to protect its workers and operations, in Urabá and Santa Marta, of which at least US$825,000 came after the AUC was designated a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the US State Department in 2001. This assassin's confessions allowed Colombian authorities to locate Castaño's body in August 2006, and DNA tests confirmed its identity in September that year. As a courtesy to private researchers, TRAC offers a discounted rate to individuals who are subscribing from a personal email address and paying with a personal credit/debit card. Añadir al carrito. • Rodriquez v. Drummond (2003) These payments were often made through a group belonging to the Convivir network, a government-sponsored program of rural security cooperatives. Separately, in events which remain clouded and confusing, former AUC supreme leader Carlos Castaño, who had become relatively isolated from the organization, apparently suffered an attempt on his life on 16 April 2004, presumably at the hands of either his own bodyguards, those of rival paramilitary troops, or perhaps even other entities altogether. Report with financial data, key executives contacts, ownership details & and more for Defensas y Defensas CIA Ltda in Colombia. Macaco Other congressmen, including supporters of the government, also begun to present their own draft projects. "March 2007." • DynCorp International According to the Colombian National Police, in the first ten months of 2000 the AUC conducted 804 assassinations, 203 kidnappings, and 75 massacres with 507 victims. Francisco Javier Zuluaga a.k.a. After much discussion and controversy over it, a further revised draft was distributed to the media and political circles. [10] The U.S. State Department added the AUC to the list in 2001, condemning it for massacres, torture, and other human rights abuses against civilians.[11]. • Foro de São Paulo Revista de Noticias de industria, defensa y seguridad en Colombia. AUC, Arauca". Cuidarte es estar en # MoodHeel. However, the AUC remain in the area with the presence of other divisions. • Doe v. Chiquita (2007), • Kidnappings in Colombia Fue seleccionado para el Equipo Ideal de toda la historia de la Copa Libertadores de América en 2012. Also, there have been internal conflicts within the illegal organization, as other AUC leaders have mutually accused each other of being tainted with narcotrafficking and their troops have even met in combat. • Colombian drug cartels Military and government spokesmen have stated multiple times that there is no intention to integrate the AUC into the state's legal security apparatus. • Some Colombian military personnel • FARC dissidents Multiple users within govermental/military, corporate, and media, as well as colleges and universities, receive pro-rated subscription discounts based on the number of users. A few days later, the government announced that it would not make Mancuso's extradition effective as long as he avoided criminal activities and fulfilled his commitments to the peace process. YOU MUST HAVE A SUBSCRIPTION TO ACCESS THE REST OF THIS CONTENT. The AUC is an umbrella group formed in 1997 to organize loosely affiliated illegal paramilitary groups that emerged to retaliate against leftist guerillas fighting the government and the landed establishment. 0 out of 5 … Peace in Colombia. No specific reasoning or details regarding this claim were produced. This threat was made due to their participation in a public meeting attended by members of a Congressional Human Rights Commission on the 27 September 2007. In the absence of such conditions, they claimed that the consequence would be the end of the negotiations and their preferring to face the prospect of continuing "war and death". • Marquetalia Republic [1], The militia had its roots in the 1980s when militias were established by drug lords to combat rebel kidnappings and extortion by communist guerrillas. El Águila • Parapolitics scandal (2006–7) However, local successors such as the Black Eagles continue to exist and death threats have been made using its name. Investigators found a makeshift grave and an unidentified body (yet apparently not Castaño's) near the supposed area of the events. SUBSCRIBE TO UNLOCK THIS CONTENTYou are currently only seeing 1% of the 10,000-plus pieces of expert insights and analyses available with a TRAC subscription. The Colombian government's own official draft had apparently gradually incorporated several of the provisions in the Pardo, Parody and Borja proposal, but a number of disagreements remained, which would be the source for further debate on the subject. • Peace process (1999–2002) These different, regionalistic and sometimes warring factions within the AUC, make successfully concluding any peace initiative a considerably difficult task. • Operation Jaque (2008) The governments of the United States, Colombia, and Israel denied these allegations. • Andean diplomatic crisis (2008) While no reports of that occurring have been put forward yet, there have been signs of some individual paramilitaries expressing an interest in wanting to join (or form) private security companies in areas that formerly were under their influence and control, in order to prevent possible guerrilla inroads. A concern shared by a high number of critics, both inside and outside the country, is that the demobilization process, if it does not provide a legal framework that contemplates the proper doses of truth, reparation and justice, could allow those who have committed human rights violations to possibly enjoy an undue degree of impunity for their crimes. These actions took place in 11 departments and targeted the civilian population, in many cases indigenous communities. On May 8, 2008, employees of a community radio station (Sarare FM Stereo) received a message stating: "For the wellbeing of you and your loved ones, do not meddle in subjects that do not concern the radio station. • "False positives" scandal Baul De Techo Tipo Thule Excellence Grande 400 Litros. A February 2005 report by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights reported that, during 2004, "the AUC was responsible for 342 cases of violations of the cessation of hostilities. [27], The National Movement of State Crimes, a coalition of several victim organizations that have suffered from state or paramilitary violence, has asked "to return the paramilitary chiefs to the Colombian authorities so they may be processed by the ordinary justice system and not under the framework of the Law of Justice and Peace, since this framework benefits the victimizers and not the victims, since they have not told all of the truth, have not made comprehensive reparations to the victims, and have not dismantled their criminal structures." Defensas-80% off -65% -45% -25% Barras Antivuelco. • Plan Patriota The United Self-Defences of Colombia was a Colombian far right paramilitary and drug trafficking group which was an active belligerent in the Colombian armed conflict during the period from 1997 to 2006. Barra Transversal Barra wingbar edge. • Colombia–United States relations SKU: n/a $ 860,000.00. TRAC fully supports academic institutions and provides subscriptions on a reduced rate based on FTE. Dávinson Sánchez es la sangre nueva de los defensas colombianos. A government communique answered that the AUC should not put pressure on Congress, the media or the Executive on the matter of the legal framework, and that they would have five days to leave the Ralito zone if they chose to quit the talks. The extradition impedes the investigation and prosecution of such grave crimes through the avenues established by the Justice and Peace Law in Colombia and through the Colombian justice system’s regular criminal procedures. This was a milestone in Colombian history, for, with its 1425 mercenaries, the Catatumbo Bloc was one of the most important AUC groups. Luis Eduardo Cifuentes a.k.a. [5][6], The AUC had about 20,000 members and was heavily financed through the drug trade[3] and through support from local landowners, cattle ranchers, mining or petroleum companies and politicians. Download Citation | Colombia's Attempt at Peace: An Analysis of the Demobilization of the Auto-Defensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) | Thesis Advisor(s): Douglas Porch. TRAC is in no way attempting to determine whether groups or individuals are terrorists -- only to convey reported information about their activities and official State status. The hundreds of millions of dollars that the FARC generates from narcotics trafficking funds the purchase of anti-aircraft missiles and finances the construction of Narco-submarines. 1 Peace in Colombia. • Palace of Justice (1985), • Patriotic Union Party extermination Miguel Ángel Mejía Múnera a.k.a. • Catatumbo campaign, • Democratic security Ernesto Báez Mostrando 1–24 de 138 resultados Filters Orden por defecto Ordenar por popularidad Ordenar por calificación media Ordenar por las últimas Ordenar por precio: bajo a alto Ordenar por precio: alto a bajo In November 2004, the Supreme Court approved the extradition to the United States of top paramilitary leaders Salvatore Mancuso and Carlos Castaño, together with that of the guerrilla commander Simón Trinidad, the only one of the men to be in state custody (Castaño's extradition was approved because the court considered that the matter of his death was not yet clear). A smaller number of the critics have also expressed their fear that the current administration could integrate the AUC into its civilian defence militias or other military structures. • The National Front Those same sources allege that the bodies of Castaño and his other companions were dug up and taken to other locations before the investigators could arrive. [2] In April 1997 the AUC was formed through a merger, orchestrated by the ACCU, of local right-wing militias,[1] each intending to protect different local economic, social and political interests by fighting left-wing insurgents in their areas. Among these sectors, there is a semblance of a broad consensus in support of this bill. • War on drugs • Mapiripán Massacre (1997) Ramón Isaza However, the AU discarded its counter-guerilla mission and turned to the illegal drug trade. [21], After many public and private discussions through mid-to-late 2004, in early 2005, a number of congressmen, including Senator Rafael Pardo and Gina Parody (traditionally holding pro-government positions) and Wilson Borja (a former leftwing labor leader who survived a paramilitary assassination attempt back in 2000) among others, independently presented a multiparty draft bill that, according to several observers such as Colombian and international NGOs (including Human Rights Watch), indicates a substantial improvement (compared to the government's previous initiatives) in meeting the necessary conditions of adequately dismantling paramilitarism and reducing impunity. Noun 1. Tanto Colombia como Nicaragua solo podrán acudir al CIJ en caso de controversia, cuando ésta no pueda solucionarse a través de la negociación [28], The Office in Colombia of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights stated that "[...] according to Colombian law, the reasons claimed by the President of the Republic to proceed with the previously-suspended extraditions are also grounds for their removal from the application of the ‘Law of Justice and Peace’ and for the loss of the benefits established therein". Both of these massive demobilizations of AUC groups are an apparent improvement over the first one in 2003 in Medellín because on this occasion important leaders turned themselves in and the weapons presented were assault rifles, machine guns, grenade launchers and rockets, rather than the homemade shotguns and old, malfunctioning revolvers that were turned in the first demobilization. If the Tribunal were to deny the benefits to anyone, there would be no possibility of reconsideration. The main argument of several editorials has been that the international community should not help fund the demobilization process until the necessary legal framework to minimize impunity is in place. Jorge 40 Vice-president Francisco Santos Calderón added that he hoped that the Venezuelan government would pursue with equal zeal those FARC and ELN guerrillas who would also be present in Venezuela. Convención de Viena de 1969 Acta General para el Arreglo Pacífico de las Controversias Internacionales de 26 de Septiembre de 1928 DERECHO INTERNACIONAL Art. • Cuban revolutionaries • European Union The case of Colombia’s Clan del Golfo November 15th, 2017. A different kind of concern is held by a few of the supporters of the demobilization process, some of which believe that, without a certain degree of acceptance from the paramilitaries themselves, any unilateral attempts at reducing impunity could stay in writing and not be practically effective. These include the presumed reincorporation of demobilized persons into its ranks, massacres, forced displacements, selective and systematic homicides, kidnappings, rape, disappearances, threats, intimidation and lootings. Biogren lleva tu kit de Comprar 24% descuento En presentación liquida de 500 ml que contiene Chía, Amalaky, Moringa , Harina de Yacon, Acai, Spirulina y Clorofila 復, Especial para desintoxicar el sistema digestivo ♻️, tratar problemas de ulcera gástrica, colon irritable, hígado graso, gastritis y … Destacó como parte del equipo ideal de América de 1997, 1998 y 2000. Government Colombia Defensa Civil Colombiana: Atiende las emergencias, calamidades y desastres de origen natural y/o antrópico en el territorio nacional. [22][23], Congressional discussion on the subject was set to begin on February 15, 2005, but suffered several delays. He had strongly objected to what he considered an improperly close relationship between the AUC and drug traffickers, and was also opposed to the group's talks with the government. • United Nations El Mellizo, The United Self-Defences of Colombia (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, or AUC, in Spanish) was a Colombian far right paramilitary and drug trafficking group which was an active belligerent in the Colombian armed conflict during the period from 1997 to 2006. [28], The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights stated that this "affects the Colombian State’s obligation to guarantee victims’ rights to truth, justice, and reparations for the crimes committed by the paramilitary groups. Colombia Highway Guardrail Factory Defensas De Carretera , Find Complete Details about Colombia Highway Guardrail Factory Defensas De Carretera,Guardrail,Highway Guardrai,Road Guardrail from Traffic Barrier Supplier or Manufacturer-Shandong Guanxian Huaan Traffic Facilities Co., Ltd. The debate on the subject of potential impunity has had a high profile in both the international and Colombian media, with critical views being expressed in Chicago Tribune and New York Times editorials, in addition to many Colombian outlets. AUC clashes with military and police units gradually increased, although the group has traditionally been friendly with government security forces. A draft law was presented to the public which offered to pardon the members of any illegal armed group (which would legally include both guerrillas and paramilitaries, (i.e. Many Colombian and international observers are skeptical about the demobilization's prospects and see multiple causes for criticism. Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC), also known as United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, United Self-Defense Group, Units of Colombia, Power Rangers, Head Cutters, Paramilitaries 'paras' is an active group formed c. 1997. Grupos de Autodefensas (self-defenders groups) or Policía Comunitaria (Community Police) or Policía Popular (People's Police) are vigilante self-defense groups that arose in the Gulf of Mexico and South Mexico regions between 2012 and 2013. • United States • Los Rastrojos It has been speculated in the Colombian and international press that this could be a potential blow to the peace process, as Castaño seemed to become relatively critical of the increasing association with narcotraffickers in recent years and more willing to compromise with the Colombian state, and thus the remaining AUC commanders (such as Mancuso and "Don Berna") would potentially maintain a much less open negotiating position in the ongoing talks with the Uribe government. While TRAC attempts to ensure the accuracy of its TRAC database, the entries in the database are from numerous different sources. Diego Murillo Bejarano [29], • La Violencia (1948–1958) The Venezuelan opposition dismissed the whole event as a "setup", claiming that Chávez intended to interfere with the potential approval of a referendum which sought to remove him from power. Here, members of the public denounced human rights abuses committed in Arauca Department by different parties to the armed conflict, including the AUC. Title: defensadiego1-11.pmd Author: diagramador01 Created Date: 6/27/2003 5:43:04 PM El Mellizo † [24], On April 11, an AUC spokesman repeated their claims that the current proposal for amnesty was too harsh primarily because it still allowed extradition for drug charges. • Human rights in Colombia Medios de-defensa 1. A few weeks later, the Catatumbo Bloc also demobilized. If you choose to subscribe at the end of the trial, the trial cost will be deducted from the price of your subscription. One of the more exotic rumours (dating to 1 June 2004), stated that unidentified diplomatic sources told the AFP agency that Castaño had been spirited away to Israel, via Panama, with U.S. assistance. [26] President Uribe said immediately afterwards the United States has agreed to compensate the victims of extradited paramilitary warlords with any international assets they might surrender. Pedro Oliverio Guerrero a.k.a. TRAC is a subscription-based service. • Colombian drug cartels In early December and late November, there have been new events in the peace negotiations with the AUC. Miguel Arroyave a.k.a. El Alemán • ERP This new draft version of the law would have been in effect only until 31 December 2006. • Narcoterrorism The AUC was responsible for retaliations against the FARC and ELN rebel groups as well as numerous attacks against civilians beginning in 1997 with the Mapiripán Massacre. • FARIP, Former guerrillas Shipper. Some groups that originally engaged in violence but have since become legitimate political parties are included to provide historical perspective. . [7], The Colombian military has been accused of delegating to AUC paramilitaries the task of murdering peasants and labor union leaders, amongst others suspected of supporting the rebel movements[7] and the AUC publicly and explicitly singled out 'political and trade union operatives of the extreme left' as legitimate targets. • EPL Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) Summary: The AUC is an umbrella group formed in 1997 to organize loosely affiliated illegal paramilitary groups that emerged to retaliate against leftist guerillas fighting the government and the landed establishment. • M19 Nonetheless, specific information on the identities of the Chiquita directors, executives, and senior employees – namely Cyrus Freid Heim jr., Roderick M. Hills, Robert Olson, Morten Arzen, Jeffery D. Benjamin, Steven Stanbrook, Durk I. Jager, Jaime Serra, Robert F. Kistenberger, James B. Riley, Robert W. Fisher, Carl H. Linder, Keith Linder, and Steven Warshaw – have already been presented before the Attorney General's Office.[19]. The Cali-based Nuevo Diario Occidente reported that an assassin hired by Vicente Castaño confessed to the police that he had killed Castaño in 2004. • PC de C (M-L) American Center for International Labor Solidarity (2006), Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Learn how and when to remove this template message, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Peasant Self-Defense Forces of Cordoba and Uraba, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=35®ionSelect=5-Southern_Americas#, The National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=126, https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/05/31/ap/national/main20067450.shtml, "Historia del paramilitarismo en Colombia", Report on the situation of human rights in Colombia, Tiene Italia indicios sobre presencia de cárteles mexicanos en Europa, Justice For All: The Struggle for Worker Rights in Colombia, DOCUMENTS IMPLICATE COLOMBIAN GOVERNMENT IN CHIQUITA TERROR SCANDAL, Chiquita Brands International Pleads Guilty to Making Payments to a Designated Terrorist Organization And Agrees to Pay $25 Million Fine, Chiquita Board Members: Total Identification, www.ciponline.org – Plan Colombia and Beyond, Colombia: Demobilization Scheme Ensures Injustice, "Massive extradition of paramilitary bosses", "Assets of paramilitaries will be confiscated to pay victims, Uribe says", "Former paramilitary leader Salvatore Mancuso said that AUC received help from the police and the military in massacre", Breaking the Grip? Rodrigo Tovar Pupo a.k.a. Javier Montañez a.k.a. • Politics of Colombia, • ELN In early May 2004, Venezuelan authorities arrested at least 100 individuals that they accused of being Colombian paramilitaries and of scheming, together with part of the Venezuelan opposition, to begin a series of scheduled attacks against heavily fortified military targets within Caracas, aiming at the overthrow of President Hugo Chávez. Freddy Rendón a.k.a. The editors of TRAC may modify these entries at any time and welcome comments and suggested corrections or additions. • Plan Colombia Colombia - Jugadores de fútbol, arqueros, defensas, mediocampistas y delanteros de … Amongst them are Salvatore Mancuso, Don Berna, Jorge 40, Cuco Vanoy and Diego Ruiz Arroyave (cousin of assassinated paramilitary leader Miguel Arroyave). The AUC officially denied that they had anything to do with them. This new project was not officially submitted for approval by Congress and further public discussion on the matter continued. Combat tactics consist of conventional and guerrilla operations against main force insurgent units. Mancuso himself has declared that he will continue to participate in the process despite the Supreme Court's ruling. • Some politicians, Colombian paramilitary and drug trafficking group, United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia logo, Disappearance and death of Carlos Castaño, Possible paramilitary activities in Venezuela. "[12], Human Rights Watch reports allege that numerous elements within the Colombian military and police have collaborated with or continue to tolerate local AUC paramilitary groups. The AUC was designated as a terrorist organization by many countries and organizations, including the United States, Canada and the European Union. • Some politicians, Linked to Salvatore Mancuso, one of the AUC's main commanders, publicly expressed that he was against both any potential extradition of either himself or his "comrades in arms" to the USA and refused "spending any day in jail". 32 “Si la sentencia judicial o arbitral estableciese que una decisión tomada o una medida ordenada por una autoridad Arcángel † DTIC ADA467196: Colombia's Attempt at Peace: An Analysis of the Demobilization of the Auto-Defensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) Item Preview Details about Castaño's possible fate began to emerge in 2006. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ... Colombia Exports BIO DEFENSAS AGRICOLAS LTDA ... MONTE AGRO 48 CALLE PRADOS DE MONTE MARIA, 16-43 ZONA 12 VILLANUEVA. [1] The AUC was designated as a terrorist organization by many countries and organizations, including the United States, Canada and the European Union. • The Clan Úsuga, Linked to [18] Colombia's attorney general, Mario Iguarán, also opened a case on Chiquita. TRAC Analysis: Tactics. Other independent sources within the group and among its dissident factions claim that he and his men were captured and tortured before being executed and then buried by order of other AUC top leaders (perhaps his own brother Vicente Castaño and/or Diego Fernando Murillo), who have become increasingly close to narcotraffickers and their trade. – The aftermath of violence in Colombia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia&oldid=992208037, Organizations designated as terrorist in Latin America, Organizations designated as terrorist in South America, Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom, Articles with dead external links from November 2011, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Articles with dead external links from October 2010, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Articles needing additional references from August 2010, All articles needing additional references, Articles with dead external links from July 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2010, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Identifying armbands, frequently black ones, the local, state and police authorities will not leave the zone, so. Vicente Castaño In mid-May 2004, the talks appeared to move forward as the government agreed to grant the AUC leaders and 400 of their bodyguards a 142 square mile (368 km²) safe haven in Santa Fe de Ralito, Córdoba, where, under OAS verification, further discussions will be held, for a (renewable) trial period of 6 months. [9], The AUC's main enemies were the leftist insurgency groups Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional, ELN). Copyright © 2020 TRAC - All rights reserved. Seen in the second and third season of Netflix's, This page was last edited on 4 December 2020, at 02:03. For multiple users rates contact TRAC. Gordo Lindo • Canada, • Águilas Negras This action also interferes with efforts to determine links between agents of the State and these paramilitary leaders." President Uribe congratulated the Venezuelan president for the capture and pledged to cooperate with the investigation, while President Chávez himself declared that, as far as he was concerned, he did not believe that Uribe had anything to with the operation, for which he blamed "elements" within "the oligarchies of Miami and Bogotá", also implicating individual high-ranking U.S. and Colombian military officers, who have denied such involvement. [17] These charges were first brought ahead in a 2003 report from the Organization of American States (OAS). members of both left- and right-wing groups) that declared a ceasefire and entered talks with the government, in return for, mainly, their verified demobilization, concentration within a specific geographic area and the symbolic reparation of the offenses committed against the victims of their actions. • Humanitarian exchange [16] The payments were arranged during a 1997 meeting between Carlos Castaño with officials from Banadex, a subsidiary of Chiquita. Dávinson Sánchez, dueño de la táctica y la simpleza Top 5 Defensa Colombia | AFP. So far, this DDR process has not achieved the majority its goals, while other problems loom on the horizon. This thesis analyzes the Government of Colombia's (GOC's) demobilization of the paramilitary organizations known collectively as the Auto-defensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) and the re-insertion of its fighters into Colombian society. [28], After his extradition to the United States, paramilitary leader Salvatore Mancuso has continued to testify via satellite as part of the Justice and Peace process. defensacolombia.com • ANNCOL Bio Defensas Agricolas Ltda. LEA TAMBIÉN 2. [17] He has also charged Chiquita of using one of their ships to smuggle weapons (some 3,400 AK-47 rifles and 4 million rounds of ammunition) for the AUC. Toda la actualidad y las últimas noticias del sector de defensa y seguridad en Colombia. With them Salvatore Mancuso, the AUC's military leader, turned himself in. Report with financial data, key executives contacts, ownership details & and more for Defensa Civil Colombiana in Colombia. As long the AUC leaders remain in this area, they will not be subject to arrest warrants. File:Colombia's attempt at peace an analysis of the demobilization of the Auto-Defensas Unidas De Colombia (AUC) (IA colombiasttemptt109453589).pdf the paramilitary leaders will require special permission to leave and re-enter the zone, and government prosecutors will be allowed to operate inside it in order to investigate criminal offenses. • 2013 Colombian clashes The bill, among other details, called for the creation of a three to five member Truth Tribunal which would study each case brought before it (at the request of the president), after the groups/individuals sign an agreement to respect international humanitarian laws and accept the authority of the Tribunal, in exchange for a minimum sentence of five to ten years (part of it could possibly be served outside jail) for those guilty of the most serious crimes, the confession of the crimes which were committed in connection with the activities of the illegal armed group, and the completion of concrete acts of reparation towards the victims.
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