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"[68] In response Chinese consumers moved to purchasing their ivory through markets in Laos, leading conservation groups to request pressure be put on Laos to end the trade. [8] Its back is concave-shaped, while the back of the African forest elephant is nearly straight. Short tactile hair grows on the trunk, which has two finger-like processes on the tip. La longitud de cuerpo del macho es de 6 a 7,5 metros, mientras que la hembra mide de 5,4 a 6,9 metros. Seres Sociáveis [31], Both African elephant species live in family units comprising several adult cows, their daughters and their subadult sons. Loxodonta es un género de mamíferos proboscídeos de la familia de los elefántidos que incluye a las dos especies vivientes de elefantes africanos: el elefante africano de sabana (Loxodonta africana) y el elefante africano de bosque (Loxodonta cyclotis), [1] que anteriormente eran considerados dos subespecies de una misma especie. [54] Bigger males tend to sire bigger offspring. They reported that in the past decade, this is a decline of 111,000 elephants. Los machos adultos pueden llegar a pesar unas 7 toneladas, medir 4 m de altura y 6-7 m de longitud (incluyendo la trompa). [73], In 2005, the West African Elephant Memorandum of Understanding was signed by 12 West African countries. Fossil remains of Loxodonta species have been excavated in Africa, dating to the Middle Pliocene. [47][49], African elephants are at their most fertile between the ages of 25 and 45. Las hembras son más pequeñas que los machos. [26][27] The tallest recorded individual stood 4.21 m (13.8 ft) at the shoulder and weighed 8,000 kg (18,000 lb). En cuanto a la altura del hombro, en el macho tiene un promedio de 3,2 metros y en la hembra está entre 2,5 y 2,7 metros. The African bush elephant ( Loxodonta africana ), also known as the African savanna elephant, is the largest living terrestrial animal with bulls reaching a shoulder height of up to 3.96 m (13.0 ft). Translate Loxodonta africana. Citação: Handb. In 1987, it was estimated that the African elephant population had declined to 760,000 individuals. Afrikar elefantea (Loxodonta africana) Loxodonta generoko animalia da. (Hollister-Smith, et al. This name refers to the lozenge-shaped enamel of the molar teeth, which differs significantly from the shape of the Asian elephant's molar enamel. Decrease of suitable habitat was the major cause for the decline of elephant populations until the 1950s. El elefante africano de sabana (Loxodonta africana) es un mamífero proboscideo de la familia de los elefántidos. Male elephants can also smell the hormones of a female ready for breeding. [24], The dental formula of elephants is 1.0.3.30.0.3.3 × 2 = 26. Imágenes de elefantes de sabana africana, incluyendo bebés elefantes, manadas de elefantes, elefantes en baños de barro, elefantes migran y más. African Elephant (Loxodonta africana)", "Elephant: The Animal and Its Ivory in African Culture", "Elephant Figure | Fon peoples | The Met", CMS West African Elephant Memorandum of Understanding, "Elephant caves" of Mt Elgon National Park, EIA 25 yrs investigating the ivory trade, reports etc, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_elephant&oldid=992906273, National symbols of the Central African Republic, National symbols of the Republic of the Congo, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from ARKive, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, David Quammen: " Family ties – The elephants of Samburu", This page was last edited on 7 December 2020, at 19:03. [21], African elephants have a grey folded and up to 30 mm (1.2 in) thick skin that is covered with sparse bristled dark-brown to black hair. The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals provided financial support for four years to implement the West African Elephant Conservation Strategy, which forms the central component of this intergovernmental treaty. 287). Hunting African elephants for the ivory trade accelerated the decline from the 1970s onwards. [64], Conflicts between elephants and a growing human population are a major issue in elephant conservation. Elephant mating rituals include the gentle entwining of trunks. Playback of the recorded sounds of angry honey bees has been found to be remarkably effective at prompting elephants to flee an area. "Living African elephants belong to two species: "Genetic Evidence for Two Species of Elephant in Africa", "Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup", "Genomic DNA sequences from mastodon and woolly mammoth reveal deep speciation of forest and savanna elephants", "Reconciling Apparent Conflicts between Mitochondrial and Nuclear Phylogenies in African Elephants", "The Ears as a Race-Character in the African Elephant", "Four new species of Elephantidae from the Plio-Pleistocene of northwestern Kenya", "Cytonuclear genomic dissociation in African elephant species", "Palaeogenomes of Eurasian straight-tusked elephants challenge the current view of elephant evolution", "General information on elephants with emphasis on tusks", "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans", "Forest elephant videos, photos and facts – Loxodonta cyclotis", "Secrets of male elephant society revealed in the wild", "The maximum attainable body size of herbivorous mammals: morphophysiological constraints on foregut, and adaptations of hindgut fermenters", "Selective feeding by a megaherbivore, the African elephant ( Loxodonta africana )", "Phylogenomic analyses reveal convergent patterns of adaptive evolution in elephant and human ancestries", "Elephants know when they need assistance in a cooperative task", "In Africa, Decoding the 'Language' of Elephants", "Elephants Outwit Humans During Intelligence Test". Elephantidae familian sailkatuta dago. [79] Many societies believed that their chiefs would be reincarnated as elephants. [57] Bulls only return to the herd to breed or to socialize, they do not provide prenatal care to their offspring but rather play a fatherly role to younger bulls to show dominance. Calves are born after a gestation period of up to nearly two years. [22] Elephants have four molars; each weighs about 5 kg (11 lb) and measures about 30 cm (12 in) long. However, this can depend on the ranking of the male within their group, as higher-ranking males maintain a higher rate of reproduction. [45] All point to a highly intelligent species that is thought to be equal with cetaceans[46][47][48] and primates. An anonymous author used the Latinized spelling Loxodonta in 1827. Elephants replace their teeth four to six times in their lifetimes. They have grey skin and differ in the size of their ears and tusks, and in … In 2012, The New York Times reported a large upsurge in ivory poaching, with about 70% of the product flowing to China. Between the late 18th and 20th centuries, the following extinct African elephants were described on the basis of fossil remains: Analysis of nuclear DNA sequences indicates that the genetic divergence between African bush and forest elephants dates 2.6 – 5.6 million years ago. As a result of the trade ban, African elephant populations recovered in Southern African range countries. Son capaces de soportar pesos grandes pero les resulta imposible realizar movimientos de saltos. Around 40 to 60 years of age, the elephant loses the last of its molars and will likely die of starvation, a common cause of death. [citation needed], Based on vegetation types that provide suitable habitat for African elephants, it was estimated that in the early 19th century a maximum of 26,913,000 African elephants might have been present from the Sahel in the north to the Highveld in the south. They have grey skin and differ in the size of their ears and tusks, and in the shape and size of their skulls. The trunk is a prehensile elongation of its upper lip and nose. [38], While feeding, the African elephant uses its trunk to pluck leaves and its tusk to tear at branches, which can cause enormous damage to foliage. Loxodonta africana cyclotis ha un’altezza, in media, di 240 cm nei maschi e di poco più di due metri nelle femmine, con record (rari) di tre metri ed ovviamente pesi decisamente inferiori. The population of African elephants in Southern Africa is large and expanding, with more than 300,000 within the region; Botswana has 200,000 and Zimbabwe 80,000. Peso: Varía según la subespecie, la hembra puede pesar entre 2.700 a 3.500 Kg y el macho puede alcanzar hasta los 5.300 Kg. [53] Females choose to a point who they mate with, since they are the ones who try to get males to compete to guard them. The females will yell, in a loud, low way to attract males from far away. Their thickset bodies rest on stocky legs. Nutrición: Es herbívoro, se alimenta de pastos y hierbas. [40], African elephants are highly intelligent. During the middle of estrus, female elephants look for males in musth to guard them. 'SUP (Kenya, Day 1).jpg 5,376 × 3,584; 13.38 MB The divergence between the Asian elephant and the woolly mammoths is estimated 2.5 – 5.4 million years ago, which strongly supports their status as distinct species. [65], According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, in 2014 the total population of African elephants was estimated to be around 700,000, and the Asian elephant population was estimated to be around 32,000. [7] Later authors considered it to be a subspecies. [60] Este elefante es el animal terrestre de mayor peso en el presente. They are amongst the world's most intelligent species. Loxodonta is one of two existing genera of the family Elephantidae. Loxodonte was proposed as generic name for the African elephant by Georges Cuvier in 1824. Los jóvenes, al nacer, miden, desde su extremidad hasta su hombro, de 0,8 a 1,05 m… Uniunea Internațională pentru Conservarea Naturii, images and movies of the African Bush Elephant, Clips from the BBC archive, news stories and sound files of the African Bush Elephant, https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loxodonta_africana&oldid=13221973, Articole Wikipedia cu informații bibliotecare, Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice. En el cuerpo y la cabeza logra de 6.0 a 7.5 metros, la cola mide de 1.0 a 1.3 metros, la altura en los hombros es de 3.0 a 4.0 metros. By 2014 it was estimated that only 50,000 elephants remained in Central Africa. The first scientific description of the African elephant was written by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in 1797 who proposed the scientific name Elephas africanus. Naturgesch., 5ª ed., p. 125. Both are herbivores and live in groups. ... megalokamilo macho adulto sin mucha dificultad y prácticamente pulverizar la tibia trasera izquierda de un Atlassaurus macho adulto." El elefante (Loxodonta Africana) es el animal terrestre más grande de la Tierra, y también son uno de los animales de aspecto más singular.Con sus características narices largas, o trompas; orejas grandes y flexibles; y patas anchas y gruesas, no hay otro animal con un físico similar. Like African elephants (Loxodonta africana; Lee 1987, Moss 1988), matriarchal groups of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) act together to care for calves and defend them from predators (reviewed in Whitehead and Weilgart 2000).The formation of mother–calf nursery groups, common among dolphins, can offer calves protection from predators by choosing low-risk areas (see also Chapter 9). The park did not have sufficient guards to combat poaching, and their weapons were outdated. Ambos sexos tienen colmillos, que brotan cuando tienen entre 1 y 3 años y crecen durante toda la vida. While females are the most active members of African elephant groups, both male and female elephants are capable of distinguishing between hundreds of different low frequency infrasonic calls to communicate with and identify each other. They use it for smelling, touching, feeding, drinking, dusting, producing sounds, loading, defending and attacking. [81] The elephant is symbolically important to the nation of Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire); the Coat of arms of Ivory Coast features an elephant head escutcheon as its focal point. This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "African elephant" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL. The analysis revealed that several African bush elephants carried mitochondrial DNA of African forest elephants, which indicates that they hybridised in the savanna-forest transition zone also in ancient times. [75], Many African cultures revere the African Elephant as a symbol of strength and power. "[82] Their flag depicted an elephant wearing a royal crown. African elephants show sexual dimorphism in weight and shoulder height by age 20, due to the rapid early growth of males. El elefante africano de sabana ( Loxodonta africana), también conocido como elefante africano de la sabana, es el animal terrestre vivo más grande con toros que alcanzan una altura de hombros de hasta 3,96 m (13,0 pies). Habitat: En … The gestation period of an elephant is 22 months and fertile females usually give birth every 3–6 years, so if they live to around 50 years of age, they may produce 7 offspring. Previously, export had been allowed in Southern Africa with Zimbabwe capturing and exporting more than 100 baby elephants to Chinese zoos since 2012. [43], Elephants exhibit a wide variety of behaviors, including those associated with grief, learning, mimicry, art, play, a sense of humor, altruism, use of tools, compassion, cooperation,[44] self-awareness, memory and possibly language. [3] Archivo:Elefantes africanos de sabana (Loxodonta africana), delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-07-31, DD 03.jpg [71] [15] They are all considered synonymous with the African bush elephant.[1]. Los colmillos se desarrollan en ambos sexos, los cuales crecen año con año algunos centímetros. [30], African elephants are distributed in Sub-Saharan Africa, where they inhabit Sahelian scrubland and arid regions, tropical rainforests, mopane and miombo woodlands. [31] Human encroachment into natural areas where bush elephants occur or their increasing presence in adjacent areas has spurred research into methods of safely driving groups of elephants away from humans. [2] Es el mayor mamífero terrestre que existe en la actualidad. See Spanish-English translations with audio pronunciations, examples, and word-by-word explanations. After puberty, male elephants tend to form close alliances with other males. [34][35], Elephants use some vocalisations that are beyond the hearing range of humans,[36] to communicate across large distances. The African forest elephant was found to have a high degree of genetic diversity, perhaps reflecting periodic fragmentation of their habitat during the climatic changes in the Pleistocene. [66] The International Union for Conservation of Nature released a report in September 2016 that estimates Africa's elephant population at 415,000. [58], The first continental elephant census was carried out in 1976. Posee una masa corporal más pequeña que el resto de elefantes, con las patas proporcionalmente más largas y pies aparentemente más grandes que otros elefantes. [62] ", "The ivory trade and elephant conservation", "Le braconnage et la population d'éléphants au Parc National de Zakouma (Tchad)", "Tanzania elephant population declined by 60% in five years, census reveals", "Elephants Dying in Epic Frenzy as Ivory Fuels Wars and Profits", "Poaching behind worst African elephant losses in 25 years", "China and US agree on ivory ban in bid to end illegal trade globally", "Elephants still at risk with Laos replacing China as ivory market", "Status and trends of the ivory trade in Africa, 1989–1999", "African Elephant Specialist Group report", "Near-total ban imposed on sending wild African elephants to zoos", "383. Elefante-africano (Loxodonta africana) Lório-arco-íris (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus) Hidrossauro-das-filipinas (Hydrosaurus pustulatus) Urso-pardo (Ursus arctos) Suricata (Suricata suricatta) Mainá-do-bali (Leucopsar rothschildi) Tartaruga-de-pescoço-comprido-de-roti (Chelodina mccordi) Sem resultados {pageNumber} In Chad's Zakouma National Park, more than 3,200 elephants were killed between 2005 and 2010. Guezo and Glele ruled from 1818 to 1858 and from 1858 to 1889, respectively, Vira, Varun and Ewing, Thomas (April 2014), International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, West African Elephant Memorandum of Understanding, Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, "Analytical Notices of Books. Both sexes have tusks, which erupt when they are 1–3 years old and grow throughout life . [13], Gene flow between the two African elephant species was examined at 21 locations. Masa Corporal: Macho: 6.000 kg (Adulto), Hembra: 3.000 kg (Adulto) Altura: Macho: 3,2 m (Adulto, Al hombro), Hembra: 2,2 – 3,4 m (Adulto, Al hombro) espero que te ayude [59] At the time, 1.34 million elephants were estimated to range over 7,300,000 km2 (2,800,000 sq mi). In 1989, the Kenyan Wildlife Service burned a stockpile of tusks in protest against the ivory trade. Estas dimensiones pueden ser de gran beneficio para los ecosistemas, pues le ayudan a crear caminos que permiten el tránsito de otras especies. [citation needed]. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. [32][33] African forest elephant groups are less cohesive than African bush elephant groups, probably because of the lack of predators. [20], Sequence analysis of DNA from fossils of the extinct Eurasian Palaeoloxodon antiquus shows it to be much closer related to the African forest elephant than to the African bush elephant. [76][77] It is also praised for its size, longevity, stamina, mental faculties, cooperative spirit, and loyalty. This listing banned international trade of African elephants and their body parts by countries that signed the CITES agreement. The largest recorded individual stood 3.96 metres (13.0 ft) at the shoulder, and is estimated to have weighed 10,400 kg (22,900 lb). This database includes results from aerial surveys, dung counts, interviews with local people and data on poaching. In 1989, only 608,000 African elephants were estimated to have survived. El macho es más grande que la hembra. [25], The African bush elephant is the largest terrestrial animal. As the front pair wears down and drops out in pieces, the back pair moves forward, and two new molars emerge in the back of the mouth. Adult males usually live alone. The tusks weigh from 23 to 45 kg (51–99 lb) and can be from 1.5 to 2.4 m (5–8 ft) long. [61], When the international ivory trade reopened in 2006, the demand and price for ivory increased in Asia. By age 25, males are double the weight of females; however, both sexes continue to grow throughout their lives. [28], The African forest elephant is smaller with male shoulder heights of up to 2.5 metres (8.2 ft). Los elefantes son mamíferos grandes de la familia Elephantidae y el orden Proboscidea.Tres especies son reconocidos actualmente: la Loxodonta africana ( Loxodonta africana), el elefante africano del bosque ( L. cyclotis) y el elefante asiático ( Elephas maximus).Los elefantes se encuentran dispersas en el África subsahariana, Asia del Sur y Sudeste de Asia. Males usually stay with a female and her herd for about a month before moving on in search of another mate. The population in the Tanzanian Selous Game Reserve, once the largest of any reserve in the world, dropped from 109,000 in 1976 to 13,000 in 2013. After the ban came into force in 1990, retail sales of ivory carvings in South Africa have plummeted by more than 95% within 10 years. [69], In 1986, the African Elephant Database was initiated with the aim to monitor the status of African elephant populations. Tuskless bulls are uncommon. Hoje existem apenas três espécies do mundo: 2 africanas (Loxodonta africana e Loxodonta cyclotis) e 1 asiática (Elephas maximus). Consumiendo el 5% de su peso corporal en 24 horas, el elefante africano de sabana es el mamífero terrestre más grande que existe. However, females are not guarded in the early and late stages of estrus, which may permit mating by younger males not in musth. The elephant's brain is similar to a human brain in terms of structure and complexity; the elephant's cortex has as many neurons as that of a human brain,[42] suggesting convergent evolution. Media in category "Loxodonta africana of Kenya" The following 163 files are in this category, out of 163 total. [6] In 1936, Glover Morrill Allen considered this elephant to be a distinct species and called it 'forest elephant'. This highly sensitive organ is innervated primarily by the trigeminal nerve, and thought to be manipulated by about 40–60,000 muscles. South Africa uses elephant tusks in their coat of arms to represent wisdom, strength, moderation and eternity. [22] Elephants sometimes swim underwater and use their trunks as snorkels. [5] Anonymous was recognized as authority by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1999. Masa Corporal: Loxodonta africana: 6.000 kg, Elephas maximus: 2.700 kg, Loxodonta cyclotis: 2.700 kg Periodo de gestación: Loxodonta africana: 22 m, Elephas maximus: 18 – 22 m Altura: Loxodonta africana: 3,3 m, Elephas maximus: 2,7 m [39] The large size and hindgut of the African elephant also allows for digestion of various plant parts, including fibrous stems, bark and roots. In the 1980s, it was difficult to carry out systematic surveys in several East African range countries due to civil wars. Tusks are composed of dentin, which forms small diamond-shaped structures in the tusk's center that become larger at its periphery. Os olhos são cercados por longas pestanas, e são pequenos e ficam protegidos por espessas pálpebras. [10][11][12][13][14], In 1907, Richard Lydekker proposed six African elephant subspecies based on the different sizes and shapes of their ears. The enamel plates of the molars are fewer in number than in Asian elephants. However, conservative estimates were that 23,000 African elephants were killed by poachers in 2013[61] and less than 20% of the African elephant range was under formal protection. They do not mate at a specific time; however, they are less likely to reproduce in times of drought than when water is plentiful. [74], In 2019, the export of wild African elephants to zoos around the world was banned, with an exception added by the EU to allow export in "exceptional cases where … it is considered that a transfer to ex-situ locations will provide demonstrable in-situ conservation benefits for African elephants". Females are a scarce and mobile resource for the males so there is intense competition to gain access to estrous females. Loxodonta africana rothschildi (Lydekker, 1907) Loxodonta africana selousi (Lydekker, 1907) Loxodonta africana toxotis (Lydekker, 1907) Loxodonta africana zukowskyi Strand, 1924; Loxodonta pharaohensis hannibali Deraniyagala, 1953 [nomen nudum] References . [67], China was the biggest market for poached ivory but announced that it would phase out the legal domestic manufacture and sale of ivory products in May 2015, and in September of that year, China and the U.S.A. "said they would enact a nearly complete ban on the import and export of ivory. [59] New research suggests that bulls maintain ecological knowledge for the herd, facilitating survival when searching for food and water, which also benefits the young bulls who associate with them. They are curved forward and continue to grow throughout the elephant's lifetime. [23], Both male and female African elephants have tusks that grow from deciduous teeth called tushes, which are replaced by tusks when calves are about one year old. With a mass of just over 5 kg (11 lb), the elephant brain is larger than that of any other terrestrial animal. [29] It is the third largest terrestrial animal. Los elefantes africanos son los elefantes del género Loxodonta.El género se compone de dos existentes especies: la Loxodonta africana, L. africana, y el más pequeño elefante africano del bosque, L. cyclotis. [70], In 1989, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora listed the African elephant on CITES Appendix I. [37], The bulls were believed to be solitary animals, becoming independent once reaching maturity. The last major populations are present in Gabon and the Republic of Congo. Loxodonta africana este o specie de elefanți din familia Elephantidae, ordinul Proboscidea, și cea mai mare din cele două specii de elefant african. Nombre científico: Loxodonta africana Estado de conservación: Vulnerable (Aumento) Enciclopedia de la vida Promedio de vida: 60 – 70 años Periodo de gestación: 22 meses Nivel trófico: Herbívoro Enciclopedia de la vida Altura: Macho: 3,2 m (Adulto, Al hombro), Hembra: 2,2 – … Livraison 52 et 53", "Geographische Abarten des Afrikanischen Elefanten". [24] Fermentation of the food takes place in the hindgut, thus enabling large food intakes. This leads males to compete with each other to mate, which results in the females mating with older, healthier males. Hunting elephants is banned in the Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, and Senegal. Blumenbach, J. F. 1797. Males sire few offspring in periods when they are not in musth. The African elephant (Loxodonta) is a genus comprising two living elephant species, the African bush elephant (L. africana) and the smaller African forest elephant (L. cyclotis). Post sexual maturity, males begin to experience musth, a physical and behavioral condition that is characterized by elevated testosterone, aggression and more sexual activity. [4] [33], When separate family units bond, they form kinship or bond groups. Loxodonta africana [Blumenbach, 1797]. Twenty-two long observations showed that age and musth are extremely important factors; "… older males had markedly elevated paternity success compared with younger males, suggesting the possibility of sexual selection for longevity in this species." [10] Lista roșie a speciilor periclitate IUCN. Cuando son adultos maduros los co… [8][9][2] Morphological and genetic analyses provided evidence for species-level differences between the African bush elephant and the African forest elephant. Proboscidea ordenaren barruko ugaztuna da. El peso de un macho puede alcanzar los 7500 Kg. ... Dimorfismo sexual: macho maior com presas maiores. Fuerza mandibular: 8.000-13.500 Newtons: Velocidad: ... (Loxodonta africana.) [1], Elephas (Loxodonta) cyclotis was proposed by Paul Matschie in 1900 who described three African elephant zoological specimens from Cameroon whose skulls differed in shape from elephant skulls collected elsewhere in Africa. [41] They have a very large and highly convoluted neocortex, a trait they share with humans, apes and some dolphin species. (10361 y 13,889 lb). Tamaños corporales e historias de vida. De bosolifant (Loxodonta cyclotis) is een van de drie nog levende soorten olifanten.De bosolifant komt alleen voor in de regenwouden van Afrika.Voorheen werden de bosolifant en de verwante savanneolifant (Loxodonta africana) tot dezelfde soort gerekend, de Afrikaanse olifant.Genetisch onderzoek heeft echter uitgewezen dat het hier om twee aparte soorten gaat. Less than a third of the population of female elephants will be in estrus at any given time and gestation period of an elephant is long, so it makes more evolutionary sense for a male to search for as many females as possible rather than stay with one group. An old bull elephant in the Ngorongoro crater. The government of Tanzania estimated that more than 85,000 elephants were lost to poaching in Tanzania between 2009 and 2014, representing a 60% loss. Males over the age of 25 compete strongly for females in estrus, and are more successful the larger and more aggressive they are. In the western African Kingdom of Dahomey (now part of Benin) the elephant was associated with the 19th century rulers of the Fon people, Guezo and his son Glele. Male reproductive success is maximal in mid-adulthood and then begins to decline. A collection of clips I have filmed featuring the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) in the wild [56] Most observed matings are by males in musth over 35 years of age.

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