[13], Shen Zhou died in the late winter of 1051 (or early 1052), when his son Shen Kuo was 21 years old. Experiencias en la Nanjing Agricultural University y Creación del Centro i+D de Tecnologías Aplicadas Shen Kuo, en el Centro Regional Universitario de Azuero, … This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shen-Kuo, MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive - Biography of Shen Kua. Shen Kuo vivió en Qiantang, el actual Hangzhou. Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy (2002). [155] Only quotations of it survive in the Shuo Fu (說郛) collection, which mostly describe the agricultural implements and tools used by rural people in high mountain regions. [79] In any case, Shen Kuo's writing on magnetic compasses has proved invaluable for understanding China's earliest use of the compass for seafaring navigation. Milteliai. [163] Nathan Sivin wrote that Shen's originality stands "cheek by jowl with trivial didacticism, court anecdotes, and ephemeral curiosities" that provide little insight. "Development of the Theory of Light," in, Stanley-Baker, Joan. [14] While serving at Yangzhou, Shen's brilliance and dutiful character caught the attention of Zhang Chu (張蒭; 1015–1080), the Fiscal Intendant of the region. Science and technology of the Han Dynasty § Cartography, Collection of the Most Important Military Techniques, climates naturally shifted geographically over time, climate there must have shifted geographically over time. [133] Nathan Sivin proposes that Shen was the first in history to "make a clear distinction between our unconnected experiences and the unitary causal world we postulate to explain them," which Biderman and Scharfstein state is arguably inherent in the works of Heraclitus, Plato, and Democritus as well. After completing two geographical atlases for a state-sponsored program, Shen was rewarded by having his sentence of probation lifted, allowing him to live in a place of his choice. [18] The result of this was nearly catastrophic, as the forces of the arrogant officer were decimated;[18] Xinzhong Yao states that the death toll was 60,000. Syntax; Advanced Search; New. "'Treacherous Factions': Shifting Frontier Alliances in the Breakdown of Sino-Vietnamese Relations on the Eve of the 1075 Border War," in, Barnhart, Richard. PDXs represent a subset of clinically aggressive breast tumors. [100] Improving the 5th century model of the astronomical sighting tube, Shen Kuo widened its diameter so that the new calibration could observe the pole star indefinitely. Voir plus d'idées sur le thème Dessins disney, Fond d'ecran dessin, Disney. [112][114] Despite this success, they eventually dismissed Wei and Shen's tables of planetary motions. In his written work, Shen Kuo made the first known explicit reference to the magnetic compass-needle and the concept of true north. [12] Shen Kuo received his initial childhood education from his mother, which was a common practice in China during this period. [49], If it were not for Shen Kuo's analysis and quoting in his Dream Pool Essays of the writings of the architect Yu Hao (fl. 978–1052) and his wife, whose maiden name was Hsu. [63] Victor J. Katz asserts that Shen's method of "dividing by 9, increase by 1; dividing by 8, increase by 2," was a direct forerunner to the rhyme scheme method of repeated addition "9, 1, bottom add 1; 9, 2, bottom add 2". [14] He not only passed the exam however, but was placed into the higher category of the best and brightest students. "[111], Along with his colleague Wei Pu in the Bureau of Astronomy, Shen Kuo planned to plot out the exact coordinates of planetary and lunar movements by recording their astronomical observations three times a night for a continuum of five years. [82] Shen also disdained the notion of others that these objects were products of the "sages" or the aristocratic class of antiquity, rightfully crediting the items' manufacture and production to the common working people and artisans of previous eras. Shen Kuo, Wade-Giles romanization Shen K’uo, (born 1031, Qiantang [now Hangzhou, Zhejiang province], China—died 1095, Jingkou [now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province]), Chinese astronomer, mathematician, and high official whose famous work Mengxi bitan (“Brush Talks from Dream Brook” [Dream Brook was the name of his estate in Jingkou]) contains the … Shen Kuo grieved for his father, and following Confucian ethics, remained inactive in a state of mourning for three years until 1054 (or early 1055). This book was a treatise in the working since his youth on rural life and ethnographic accounts of living conditions in the isolated mountain regions of China. (1986). Ia adalah bahan letupan yang diperoleh daripada campuran arang, garpu (kalium nitrat) dan sulfur dan digunakan untuk menyembur projektil atau untuk penggerak. Using an original technique, Shen successfully dredged the canal and demonstrated the formidable value of the silt gathered as a fertilizer. Excelling in many fields of study and statecraft, he was a mathematician, astronomer, meteorologist, geologist, zoologist, botanist, pharmacologist, … "Ming Printing and Printers,", This page was last edited on 9 December 2020, at 01:29. 60 2011 Publication of the Faculty of Missiology, Gregorian University. Biography Shen Kua is also known as Shen Kuo or Shen Gua. Science and Medicine in Imperial China—The State of the Field, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&oldid=993147923, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh), Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox scientist with unknown parameters, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Anderson, James A. Shen wrote extensively about movable type printing invented by Bi Sheng (990–1051), and because of his written works the legacy of Bi Sheng and the modern understanding of the earliest movable type has been handed down to later generations. Shen Kuo. Foi xeólogo , astrónomo , agrónomo , embaixador , xeneral militar , matemático , cartógrafo , enxeñeiro hidráulico , meteorólogo , botánico , zoólogo , farmacólogo , escritor e burócrata do goberno da Dinastía Song ( 960 - 1279 ), na China . Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 205–206. [155] By the 15th century (during the Ming Dynasty), this book was reprinted, yet only the 19th chapter remained. [91][92] Shen Kuo likened this to the "stone crabs" found in China.[91][92]. For example in 16 AD, the Xin Dynasty usurper Wang Mang called for the dissection of an executed man, to examine his arteries and viscera in order to discover cures for illnesses. [83], After unearthing an ancient crossbow device from a house's garden in Haichow, Jiangsu, Shen discovered that the cross-wire grid sighting device, marked in graduated measurements on the stock, could be used to calculate the height of a distant mountain in the same way that mathematicians could apply right-angle triangles to measure height. Shen Kuo wrote extensively on a wide range of different subjects. 3. [61] Shen's "technique of small increments" laid the foundation in Chinese mathematics for packing problems involving equal difference series. Shen Kuo was born in Qiantang (modern-day Hangzhou) in the year 1031. Y var en kinesisk videnskabsmand, Shen Kuo (1031-1095), som først beskrev processen med trykning i mobile lerblokke, tillægge opfindelsen til en lille kendt håndværker kaldet Bi Sheng (990-1051). His Mengxi bitan was written relatively late in life, after he had been removed from office on a trumped-up charge and banished after troops under his titular command suffered a severe defeat by Tangut warriors; some 60,000 Chinese perished in the battle. From about 1040, Shen’s family moved around Sichuan province and finally to the international seaport at Xiamen, where Shen’s father accepted minor provincial posts in each new location.Sivin (1995), III, 5. [112] They also slandered Wei Pu, out of resentment that a commoner had expertise exceeding theirs. This book was Shen's ultimate attempt to comprehend and describe a multitude of various aspects of nature, science, and reality, and all the practical and profound curiosities found in … By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Albany: State University of New York Press. About the title, he is quoted as saying: "Because I had only my writing brush and ink slab to converse with, I call it Brush Talks. [18], The new Chancellor Cai Que (蔡確; 1036–1093) held Shen responsible for the disaster and loss of life. [18], Shen Kuo wrote extensively on a wide range of different subjects. [167] A Qing Dynasty era hall built on the site is now used as the main admissions gate. However, his natural abilities to plan, organize, and design were proven early in life; one example is his design and supervision of the hydraulic drainage of an embankment system, which converted some one hundred thousand acres (400 km²) of swampland into prime farmland. Find books Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [73], Being the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy, Shen Kuo was an avid scholar of medieval astronomy, and improved the designs of several astronomical instruments. [166] However, the renovated Mengxi Garden is only part of the original of Shen Kuo's time. [64], Shen wrote extensively about what he had learned while working for the state treasury, including mathematical problems posed by computing land tax, estimating requirements, currency issues, metrology, and so forth. [105] Much like what Zhang Heng had said, Shen Kuo likened the Moon to a ball of silver, which does not produce light, but simply reflects light if provided from another source (the Sun). A collection of breast cancer PDXs is described. [84] He wrote that if one placed an arrow on the device and looked past its end, the degree of the mountain could be measured and thus its height could be calculated. [120] Yao Shu (1201–1278), an advisor to Kublai Khan, once persuaded a disciple Yang Gu to print philological primers and Neo-Confucian texts by using what he termed the "movable type of Shen Kuo". [34], If the account of Sima Qian (c. 145–86 BC) in his Records of the Grand Historian is proven correct upon the unearthing of Qin Shi Huang's (r. 221–210 BC) tomb, the raised-relief map has existed since the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC). [18] The Emperor Shenzong of Song rewarded Shen with numerous titles for his merit in these battles, and in the sixteen months of Shen's military campaign, he received 273 letters from the Emperor. [151], Although the Dream Pool Essays is certainly his most extensive and important work, Shen Kuo wrote other books as well. Shen Kuo's article is very important in the scope of general Chinese history, since he was one of China's greatest … [14] With his leadership position in the bureau, Shen was responsible for projects in improving calendrical science,[11] and proposed many reforms to the Chinese calendar alongside the work of his colleague Wei Pu. (2008). "[161] Yao states of Shen's thorough recording of natural sciences in his Dream Pool Essays: We must regard Shen Kuo's collection as an indispensable primary source attesting to the unmatched level of attainment achieved by Chinese science prior to the twelfth century. Pagina 1. vol. "[c], The book was originally 30 chapters long, yet an unknown Chinese author's edition of 1166 edited and reorganized the work into 26 chapters. [87] The Daoist alchemist Ge Hong (284–364) wrote of the legendary immortal Magu; in a written dialogue by Ge, Ma Gu described how what was once the Eastern Sea (i.e. Britannica Kids Holiday Bundle! [117] Although the details of Bi Sheng's life were scarcely known, Shen Kuo wrote: When Bi Sheng died, his fount of type passed into the possession of my followers (i.e. Paleontological the front limbs of these fossil animals are in some ways similar to legs, in other ways they also show definition paleontology to the fins of modern whales. 970), the latter's work would have been lost to history. Gunpowder. Shen Kuo vivió en Qiantang, el actual Hangzhou. [162], However, Toby E. Huff writes that Shen Kuo's "scattered set" of writings lacks clear-cut organization and "theoretical acuteness," that is, scientific theory. your own Pins on Pinterest by the 10th century engineer Qiao Weiyo) of the pound lock to replace the old flash lock design used in canals. [77][79] However, Zhu Yu's book recounts events back to 1086, when Shen Kuo was writing the Dream Pool Essays; this meant that in Shen's time the compass might have already been in navigational use. His description of an ancient crossbow mechanism which he himself unearthed proved to be a Jacob's staff, a surveying tool which wasn't known in Europe until described by Levi ben Gerson in 1321. [168], ^ a: See the article Society of the Song Dynasty. [18], As written by Li Zhiyi, a man married to Hu Wenrou (granddaughter of Hu Su, a famous minister of the Song Dynasty), Shen Kuo was Li's mentor while Shen served as an official. The British sinologist, historian, and biochemist Joseph Needham (1900–1995) stated that Shen Kuo was "one of the greatest scientific minds in Chinese history. [82] Shen used ancient mirrors while conducting his optics experiments. In the Routledge Curzon Encyclopedia of Confucianism, Xinzhong Yao states that Shen Kuo's legacy was tainted by his eager involvement in Wang Anshi's New Policies reforms, his actions criticized in the later traditional histories. Fan, Dainian and Robert Sonné Cohen (1996). Then Shen Kuo was the first to attribute geometrical and quantitative properties to the camera obscura. [1] Nonetheless, Shen was successful in defending his fortifications and the only possible Tangut invasion-route to Yanzhou. [122] The earlier Bi Sheng had experimented with wooden movable type,[123] but Wang's main contribution was improving the speed of typesetting with simple mechanical devices, along with the complex, systematic arrangement of wooden movable type involving the use of revolving tables. Most PDXs derive from a dominant genetic subclone present in the tumor of origin. Mozi first described the concept of camera obscura 2000 years earlier during the Warring States period. Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 230–231. Despite this, Lady Zhang went as far as to drive out Shen Kuo's son from his first marriage, expelling him from the household. [18] Shen Kuo permanently moved to the Dream Brook Estate in 1088, and in that same year he completed his life's written work of the Dream Pool Essays, naming the book after his garden-estate property. [93] Considering that damp and gloomy low places provide suitable conditions for the growth of bamboo, Shen deduced that the climate of Yanzhou must have fit that description in very ancient times. Shen Kuo , courtesy name Cunzhong and pseudonym Mengqi Weng , was a Han Chinese polymathic scientist and statesman of the Song dynasty .Excelling in … [113] When Wei and Shen made a public demonstration using the gnomon to prove the doubtful wrong, the other ministers reluctantly agreed to correct the lunar and solar errors. 1290–1333), who wrote the valuable agricultural, scientific, and technological treatise of the Nong Shu, mentioned an alternative method of baking earthenware type with earthenware frames in order to make whole blocks. Shen Kuo wrote extensively on a wide range of different subjects. SM60_1_84:Gregorianum_1_2010_01_90. He was also an outstanding engineer, an excellent military strategist and a tactful diplomat. [105] He then explained if one were to cover any sort of sphere with white powder, and then viewed from the side it would appear to be a crescent, hence he reasoned that celestial bodies were spherical. [99][105] He also wrote that, although the Sun and Moon were in conjunction and opposition with each other once a month, this did not mean the Sun would be eclipsed every time their paths met, because of the small obliquity of their orbital paths. He was the first literary figure in China to mention the use of the drydock to repair boats suspended out of water, and also wrote of the effectiveness of the relatively new invention of the canal pound lock. [72] He also discussed focal points and noted that the image in a concave mirror is inverted. [62] In his formula "technique of intersecting circles", he created an approximation of the arc of a circle s given the diameter d, sagitta v, and length of the chord c subtending the arc, the length of which he approximated as s = c + 2v2/d. Jauhe. [96][97][98] Paul Dong writes that Shen's explanation of the rainbow as a phenomenon of atmospheric refraction "is basically in accord with modern scientific principles. [133] Shen Kuo referred to the ancient Daoist I Ching in explaining the spiritual processes and attainment of foreknowledge that cannot be attained through "crude traces", which he likens to mathematical astronomy. View the profiles of people named Shen Kuo. 1031, registered at Ch’ien-t’ang 2 [now Hangchow, Chekiang province], China; d. Ching-k’ou, Jun prefecture 3 [now Chinkiang, Kiangsu province], China, 1095) Polymathy, astronomy. (1989). Even Shen's political rival and contemporary astronomer Su Song featured Shen's corrected position of the pole star (halfway between Tian shu, at −350 degrees, and the current Polaris) in the fourth star map of his celestial atlas. At court Shen was a political favorite of the Chancellor Wang Anshi (1021–1086), who was the leader of the political faction of Reformers, also known as the New Policies Group (新法, Xin Fa). [6] Shen also created a raised-relief map using sawdust, wood, beeswax, and wheat paste. "[17] However, the first suspended magnetic needle compass was written of by Shen Kuo in his book of AD 1088. [6] The preference of use for the twenty-four-point-rose compass may have arisen from Shen's finding of a more accurate astronomical meridian, determined by his measurement between the pole star and true north;[6] however, it could also have been inspired by geomantic beliefs and practices. "[19], While employed by the central government, Shen Kuo was also sent out with others to inspect the granary system of the empire, investigating problems of illegal tax-collection, negligence, ineffective disaster relief, and inadequate water-conservancy projects. [96][130] Shen used the soot from the smoke of burned petroleum fuel (石油 Shíyóu, "rock oil" as Shen called it) to invent a new, more durable type of writing ink; the Ming Dynasty pharmacologist Li Shizhen (1518–1593) wrote that Shen's ink was "lustrous like lacquer, and superior to that made from pinewood lamp-black," or the soot from pinewood.[131][132]. Many of his most important works came from his use of astronomy.In 1088, Shen was the first to describe the magnetic needle compass, which would be used for navigation. [23] The Khitans had made several aggressive negotiations of pushing their borders south, while manipulating several incompetent Song ambassadors who conceded to the Liao Kingdom's demands. [92] Shen's description of soil erosion and weathering predated that of Georgius Agricola in his book of 1546, De veteribus et novis metallis. Shen wrote vivid descriptions of tornadoes—the first known description of them in East Asia. [39][40], For pharmacology, Shen wrote of the difficulties of adequate diagnosis and therapy, as well as the proper selection, preparation, and administration of drugs. [167] At the garden estate there are also displayed marble banners, statues of Shen Kuo, and a model of an armillary sphere; a small museum gallery depicts Shen's various achievements. Smodnik. Many of Shen Kuo's contemporaries were interested in antiquarian pursuits of collecting old artworks. "Marriage of the Lord of the River: A Lost Landscape by Tung Yüan,". [17][76][77] He wrote that steel needles were magnetized once they were rubbed with lodestone, and that they were put in floating position or in mountings; he described the suspended compass as the best form to be used, and noted that the magnetic needle of compasses pointed either south or north. The CIA allegedly wanted to help Sun take control of Taiwan and declare its independence. Shen Kuo. [108] His colleague Wei Pu realized that the old calculation technique for the mean Sun was inaccurate compared to the apparent Sun, since the latter was ahead of it in the accelerated phase of motion, and behind it in the retarded phase. Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman (1992). Shen was the son of Shen Chou 4 ( ca. [2] At court his political allegiance was to the Reformist faction known as the New Policies Group, headed by Chancellor Wang Anshi (1021–1085). Shen Kuo wrote several other books besides the Dream Pool Essays, yet much of the writing in his other books has not survived. [163] Donald Holzman writes that Shen "has nowhere organized his observations into anything like a general theory. [136] When describing an event where lightning had struck a house and all the wooden walls did not burn (but simply turned black) and lacquerwares inside were fine, yet metal objects had melted into liquid, Shen Kuo wrote: Most people can only judge of things by the experiences of ordinary life, but phenomena outside the scope of this are really quite numerous. [155] This chapter was reprinted in 1718, yet poorly edited. The Mengxi bitan also contains Shen’s observations on such varied subjects as mathematics, astronomy, atmospheric phenomena, cartography, optics, and medicine. Shen Kuo wrote that during the Qingli reign period (1041–1048), under Emperor Renzong of Song (1022–1063), an obscure commoner and artisan known as Bi Sheng (990–1051) invented ceramic movable type printing. (2004). His father was Shen Chou and his mother's family name was Hsu. [104] Shen Kuo also wrote of solar and lunar eclipses in this manner, yet expanded upon this to explain why the celestial bodies were spherical, going against the 'flat earth' theory for celestial bodies.
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