human rights in vietnam 2020

September 18, 2020. The Vietnamese government is intensifying a crackdown on human rights activists and dissidents ahead of the Communist Party of Vietnam’s 13th party congress scheduled for January 2021. In 2020, Vietnam continued to repress free speech and target human rights defenders and civil society groups for their peaceful dissent. We document arrests, trials, harassment, and abuse of political prisoners and activists at risk. In February 2020, the Commission withdrew part of the tariff preferences granted to Cambodia under the ‘Everything but Arms’ (EBA) trade scheme. by Center for Hands-on Actions and Networking for Growth and Environment (CHANGE) The annual Vietnam Climate Leadership Camp (VCLC) aims to empower young activists in Vietnam where has been experiencing climate impacts lik… read more. Out of this number, 40,695 are in Ninh Thuận, and another 15,094 are in Bình Thuận. The new deal requires that Vietnam adopt human rights reforms. Responding to the arrest of Pham Doan Trang, Amnesty International’s Deputy Regional Director for Campaigns, Ming Yu Hah, said: “The arrest of Pham Doan Trang is reprehensible. Issues raised in ensuring human rights in the period of 2020-2030 have 261 words, post on vietnamnet.vn at February 12, 2019. Vietnam is an important security partner in the region but their human rights record remains an obstacle to strengthening relations. ... according to a report published on Thursday by Human Rights Watch ... an advocacy rights group in Vietnam. Last modified on Thu 15 Oct 2020 09.19 EDT. VIETNAM 5 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2020 United States Department of State • Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor Authorities limited prisoners to one family visit of no longer than an hour per month. There was a major increase in censorship of online speech, in addition to a significant rise in arbitrary arrests, detentions and prosecutions of individuals in connection with their right to exercise freedom of expression both online and offline. Freedom on the Internet must ensure human rights in cyberspace. The United Nations should urgently create an independent international mechanism to address the Chinese government’s human rights violations, a global coalition of 321 civil society groups including Amnesty International said today in an open letter. 01/12/2020. She wrote on Twitter: “There was a very good conversation with Vietnamese Prime Minister … The following report summarizes the results of Freedom House’s research into the impact of COVID-19 on democracy and human rights from January to August 2020. Vietnam has arrested yet another Facebooker for alleged “anti-state propaganda.”. 8 What does the Prime Minister of Vietnam do? The Bangkok Post counts 80 confirmed disappeared, and likely murdered, since 1980. Human Rights Watch estimates that Vietnam has jailed at least 130 political prisoners, more than any other country in Southeast Asia. The government, under the one-party rule of the Communist Party of Vietnam, tightened restrictions on freedom of expression, association, peaceful assembly, movement, and religion. 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (released March 30, 2021) — Report on Vietnam; 2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (released March 11, 2020) — Report on Vietnam ... which took effect on April 15, 2020. They also continue to restrict the people’s human rights such as freedom of expression, freedom of religion and beliefs, association, and assembly. Vietnam is ranked 175th out of 180 countries in RSF’s 2020 World Press Freedom Index. April 21, 2021. The authorities engaged in a wide-ranging crackdown on freedom of expression, particularly targeting individuals who expressed themselves online. The constitution states that all individuals have the right to freedom of belief and religion. ILLINOIS, U.S., June 22, 2020 – In the 2019 Report on Political Prisoners and Activists at Risk in Vietnam, w e highlight Vietnam’s troublesome human rights record over the past year. 01:42. His son has called on Australia to put human rights above trade deals with Vietnam; Chau, 70, has been in jail for more than a year, ... Posted 2 Mar March 2020 Mon Monday 2 Mar March 2020 … The 24th Annual U.S.-Vietnam Human Rights Dialogue was held on October 6, 2020 via virtual sessions. Lack of human rights in Vietnam remains a major issue. USCIRF Releases 2021 Annual Report with Recommendations for U.S. Policy. USCIRF Encourages Religious Freedom Progress on Vietnam National Day. Reading Time: 2 mins read 1. by Alice Philipson. 3 Is freedom of speech allowed in Vietnam? The 24th Annual U.S.-Vietnam Human Rights Dialogue was held on October 6, 2020 via virtual sessions. Vietnam Free Expression Newsletter No. The new deal requires that Vietnam adopt human rights reforms. 14 May 2020 According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Vietnam's economic growth is expected to reach 2.4% in 2020, one of the highest rates in the world. October 09, 2020 2020 Edition: Which Countries Are For or … Vietnam Briefing: The Election Is Over. China on Friday issued a report on human rights violations in the United States, revealing how "the human rights situation in the United States has been poor and deteriorating" in seven aspects. Vietnam continued to systematically violate basic civil and political rights in 2020. Credit: Vietnam … providing information to UN human rights mechanisms and bodies. She wrote on Twitter: “There was a very good conversation with Vietnamese Prime Minister … September 03, 2020. ... according to a report published on Thursday by Human Rights Watch ... an advocacy rights group in Vietnam. Currently, its links with the European Union are still weak. The first meeting of the PCA Joint Committee, which took place on 10 May 2019, was the second step, as it created a series of sub-Committees, which cover the most relevant aspects of EU- Vietnam relations, namely: Political issues, Trade and Investment, Sustainable Development, Good Governance, Rule of Law and Human Rights. The European Parliament voted on February 12 to accept a free trade agreement (FTA) with Vietnam, a monumental deal that will cut almost all tariffs on exports from one of Southeast Asia’s fastest growing economies. Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs Ambassador Atul Keshap welcomed the Vietnamese delegation to the Dialogue, highlighting the strong ties between our two countries as we celebrate the 25th anniversary of diplomatic relations. Januar 2020 veröffentlichten Jahresbericht von Amnesty International zur Lage der Menschenrechte in der Region Asien-Pazifik hervor. The Bangkok Post counts 80 confirmed disappeared, and likely murdered, since 1980. Updated country policy and information note on trafficking, Vietnam for April 2020. USCIRF Welcomes Release of Pastor A Dao in Vietnam. Text by: RFI Follow . A corner of Ho Chi Minh city. 5 What is Vietnam’s government like? China on Friday issued a report on human rights violations in the United States, revealing how "the human rights situation in the United States has been poor and deteriorating" in seven aspects. 11 articles on “Human Rights Issues” and 1 related issue: Human Rights In Various Regions 6 What type of government does Vietnam have 2020? Facebook and Google are fast becoming "human rights-free zones" in Vietnam, Amnesty International warned, accusing the tech titans of … The UN Human Rights Council's UPR mechanism was established in 2008 and is one of the outstanding successes, which was built on the principles of transparency, fairness, non-discrimination, and promotion of dialogue and cooperation among nations. In 2019, Vietnam put Photo: AFP. While Vietnam ensures economic and social rights fairly consistently, civil and political rights are ranked at 4.6 out of 10 or lower. Prohibitions remained on the formation or operation of independent unions and any other … 1 What human rights are being violated in Vietnam? The EU has said the trade agreement would be the most ambitious the bloc has ever negotiated with a developing country. We document arrests, trials, harassment, and abuse of political prisoners and activists at risk. EU-VN Human Rights Dialogue. Vietnam committed to protecting and promoting human rights in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, supporting international cooperation and a multilateral approach to effective response to pandemic and post-pandemic recovery, respecting socio-economic stabilization policies, and measures to minimize the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the right to live, the right to health care … Vietnam has made a proposal as this year’s ASEAN chair for the regional bloc to hold a physical summit later this month despite the COVID-19 pandemic, a senior official from the Indonesian Foreign Ministry has said. On September 30, 2020, a number of observers on human rights in Vietnam made their comments on these developments in relation to the human rights situation in Vietnam. April 30, 2020. Online dissidents faced routine harassment and intimidation in 2020. This included: 35 individuals arrested for peaceful activism; 27 individuals tried for “national security” crimes; 26 activists at … And surely for further info on countries, we have consulted human rights Watch World Report for 2020. 45/2020 – Week of November 9-15. Religious minorities and individuals are some of the most heavily targeted. Therefore, we respectfully request that you raise these issues directly with the Vietnamese government and that you review imposing Global Magnitsky Act sanctions against individuals for grave human rights abuses. Vietnam has arrested a prominent dissident journalist and human rights activist, just hours after holding its annual human rights dialogue with the United States. Introduction ... Vietnam, whether on account of her previous experience as a victim of trafficking or otherwise’ (Paragraph 51). In Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan provinces they form 22% and 4.8% of the population respectively. Arrests, criminal convictions, and physical assaults against journalists, bloggers, and human rights activists continued during the year. Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs Ambassador Atul Keshap welcomed the Vietnamese delegation to the Dialogue, highlighting the … European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen spoke to Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc on July 29. Several were In this April 5, 2018 photo, prominent human rights lawyer Nguyen Van Dai, center, and defendant Nguyen Bac Truyen listen to the verdict at a trial in Hanoi. The US Department of State released the 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.Secretary of State Antony Blinken painted a grave picture of the deterioration of human rights in multiple countries and regions throughout the world.. In the so-called “Notice calling for nomination of candidates for the Vietnam Human Rights Award 2020” broadcast on 7/7/2020 of this organization says that the Vietnam Human Rights Award was established by VNHRN since 2002 and awarded annually, to commemorate the achievements of nonviolent struggle for the ideal of human rights in Vietnam. Human Rights Practices. 3 Is freedom of speech allowed in Vietnam? The 2020 Country Report on Vietnam provides a mixed image of the rights enjoyed by its citizens. Trang has been subjected to heavy censorship and was arrested in October 2020. 2 What rights do Vietnamese citizens have? These issues require regulatory frameworks and policies to promote the positives and limit the downside in cyberspace. Journalists and authors were also targeted, with a string of arrests and prosecutions targeting the Liberal Publishing Ho… Socialism, based on President Ho Chi Minh’s ideology, has opened a right path for Vietnam and the country now has the opportunity for national development and improvement of living standards of each people and family, Chairman of the Council of Experts of the Eurasian Research Fund Grigory Trofimchuk told Vietnam News Agency's correspondents in Russia. 7 Oct 2020 Vietnam has detained prominent human rights campaigner and writer Pham Doan Trang hours after the conclusion of its annual human rights dialogue with the United States. 9 September 2020, 13:00 UTC. Vietnam's National Assembly also sets the target for economic growth at 6% in 2021. 4 Does Vietnam have religious freedom? Facebook and Google are fast becoming “human rights-free zones” in Vietnam, Amnesty International warned Tuesday, accusing the tech titans of helping censor peaceful dissent and … But The Fate Of Party Critics Is Still Grim. Censorship and criminalization of online expression in Viet Nam Research Viet Nam. The law provides for significant government control over religious practices and includes vague provisions that permit restrictions on religious freedom in the stated interest of national security and social unity. Frontline AIDS; Posted 31 Jul 2020 Originally published The Vietnam Briefing, which is released every Monday morning Vietnam time, is a look at Vietnam’s political developments of the past week. Office of the Spokesperson. A few days before the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) took effect on August 1, 2020, leaders of the EU mentioned the issue of human rights and labor rights in Vietnam. But The Fate Of Party Critics Is Still Grim. The 2020 reports highlight abuses in Russia, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan, among many other countries. So far, Vietnam has basically controlled the COVID-19 epidemic, leading to a "new normal" state. 30 November 2020 Viet Nam: Let us breathe! 6 What type of government does Vietnam have 2020? 8 What does the Prime Minister of Vietnam do? In December 2019, the government affirmatively provided victims the right to legal representation, and in January 2020, it significantly enhanced victim assistance by extending from two to three months the authorized length of a victim’s stay at support facilities and increasing the amount of financial support for certain basic needs. Clinic complaint prompts UN experts to urge justice for Haiti cholera epidemic A group of fourteen United Nations independent experts released a statement today calling on Secretary-General António Guterres to fulfill the UN’s 2016 promise to take responsibility and deliver justice for the 10,000 victims of a cholera epidemic caused by UN peacekeepers in Haiti in 2010. August 28, 2020 by vietnamnet.vn. Summary of H.R.1383 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Vietnam Human Rights Act $. $8,016 raised of $15,000 goal. This is cached page on VietNam Breaking News. Phil Robertson, deputy director of Human Rights Watch Asia division, says: “Forced labour still happens in Vietnam’s prisons, hidden behind … Subject: Respect for human rights in the free trade agreement with Vietnam. Human Rights, WissensWerte, July 2011 This section attempts to highlight some of the gross human rights violations, racial hatred, the effects of media suppression, distortion and bias, that still occur around the world — both near and far from home. Socialism, based on President Ho Chi Minh’s ideology, has opened a right path for Vietnam and the country now has the opportunity for national development and improvement of living standards of each people and family, Chairman of the Council of Experts of the Eurasian Research Fund Grigory Trofimchuk told Vietnam News Agency's correspondents in Russia. Citizens proceed to fight for their oppressed freedoms of speech and assembly, while harsh police brutality and imprisonment for activists and bloggers continues. Vietnam committed to protecting and promoting human rights in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, supporting international cooperation and a multilateral approach to effective response to pandemic and post-pandemic recovery, respecting socio-economic stabilization policies, and measures to minimize the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the right to live, the right to health care … “They (the government) impose heavy prison sentences … Published June 22, 2020. Vietnam is a member of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the World Trade Organization. in Asia, Tech. The UN Human Rights Council's UPR mechanism was established in 2008 and is one of the outstanding successes, which was built on the principles of transparency, fairness, non-discrimination, and promotion of dialogue and cooperation among nations. As per the census of 2009, there are a total of 56,427 Cham Hindus in Vietnam. Vietnamese rights bloggers face regular harassment and intimidation. 7 October 2020, 18:18 UTC. Vietnam Briefing: The Election Is Over. Authorities block every site that produces content that is politically sensitive. Vietnam detains activist hours after human rights meeting with U.S. October 7, 2020 HANOI ( Reuters ) – Vietnam has arrested a prominent blogger and dissident for “anti-state activities” hours after its government held annual talks on human rights with the United States, which said it was concerned about freedom of expression. A corner of Ho Chi Minh city. Greetings from The 88 Project ! Interestingly, the agenda for the year 2020 has been outlined for ASEAN under the Vietnam chairmanship and there were challenges with regard to addressing issues related to economic integration and also developing common protocols about public health emergencies, and sharing of information related to the countermeasures against COVID- 19. 2 November 2020 Viet Nam: Woman human rights defender at risk of torture: Pham Thi Doan Trang Research Viet Nam. Dies geht aus dem am 29. A report compiled in 2018 by the Thai Lawyers for Human Rights Centre showed that at least 86 political refugees left the country after the 2014 coup d'état for coup-related reasons. The journalist and writer was arrested on Tuesday, October 6 in a house she rented in Ho Chi Minh City (illustrative image). “Vietnam is one of the Southeast Asian countries with poor human rights records, with a higher number of political prisoners than any other country.” Phil Robertson, Deputy Director of Asia Division of Human Rights Watch International – HRW, spoke to RFA on the occasion of International Human Rights Day (December 10) this year. [10-07-2020] VN Leading Human Rights Defender Pham Doan Trang Arrested and Charged with “Conducting Anti-state Propaganda” [10-06-2020] 2020 U.S.-Vietnam Human Rights Dialogue [10-05-2020] U.S. Phil Robertson, deputy director of Human Rights Watch Asia division, says: “Forced labour still happens in Vietnam’s prisons, hidden behind the … The EU has voiced concerns about a number of rights issues, including the fate of political prisoners in Vietnam. The Current Issue of Human Rights in Vietnam. The report also stated that Vietnam had implemented 159 recommendations fully and 16 recom-. The Fund for Peace, with our media partner The New Humanitarian, held a global virtual event Wednesday, May 13 that brought together leading experts on issues of fragility and resilience to discuss how societies can emerge from the COVID-19 crisis stronger and more resilient with the right policy approaches. EU-VN Human Rights Dialogue. For Vietnam to benefit from the FTA, it will have to improve its record on human rights, labor and the environment in order to comply with EU trade policy. It also called on EU member states to "strongly voice their concerns regarding the worsening human rights situation in Vietnam" ahead of the congress. Empower Young Climate Activists in Vietnam. AIDS 2020: Five key takeaways for human rights in the time of COVID-19 Format News and Press Release Source. Executive Summary. The Internet and social networks on the one hand benefit users, but also have downsides, including human rights issues. Liberal Publishing House (LPH) was founded in February 2019, with the objective “to promote freedom of information and liberal education in Vietnam.” Subject: Comparison of progress on human rights in Vietnam and Cambodia. HANOI: Facebook and Google are fast becoming “human rights-free zones” in Vietnam, Amnesty International warned Tuesday, accusing the tech titans of helping censor peaceful dissent and political expression in the country. Pham Doan Trang is a renowned Vietnamese writer, press freedom and civil rights activist. The arrest came a few hours after the annual human rights dialog between the United States and Vietnam, Phil Robertson, deputy Asia Director of Human Rights Watch, said in an email statement. 1 What human rights are being violated in Vietnam? The economy of Vietnam is a socialist-oriented market economy, which is the 36th-largest in the world as measured by nominal gross domestic product (GDP) and 23rd-largest in the world as measured by purchasing power parity (PPP). Family members of prisoners reported prison authorities frequently terminated their visits after 15 to 30 minutes. Lawmakers Call for Release of Vietnamese Democracy Activist Ahead of Rights Talks Many Western governments condemned the move, and human rights groups alleged that the arrest was due to Le Cong Dinhs' support for freedom of speech. Human Rights Watch estimates that Vietnam has jailed at least 130 political prisoners, more than any other country in Southeast Asia. If you want remove this page, please contact us. EU puts riches over rights in Vietnam trade deal. Having set the criteria, let’s check out which the worst human rights countries in 2020 … Hanoi – Facebook and Google are fast becoming “human rights-free zones” in Vietnam, Amnesty International warned Tuesday, accusing the tech titans of … According to Human Rights Watch, “Vietnam did little to improve its abysmal human rights record in 2019,” and continues to restrict all basic civil and political rights and prohibits. The government continues to restrict all basic civil and political rights, including freedom of expression, association, assembly, and the rights to freely practice beliefs and religion. Later this year, the Department of State will release an addendum to each 2020 country report that expands the subsection on women in Section 6, entitled “Discrimination, Societal Abuses, and Trafficking in Persons,” to include a broader range of issues related to reproductive rights. Premature release of prisoners on conditions: Preventing recidivism, ensuring human rights December 31, 2020 by vietnamnet.vn Premature release of prisoners on conditions is an effective measure in preventing recidivism and a humane form of management and education, ensuring human rights. Trade Commissioner Phil Hogan said the aim was to urge the Cambodian authorities to end their violations of human rights. Lawmakers Call for Release of Vietnamese Democracy Activist Ahead of Rights Talks Also, in 2020 Vietnam ranked 121 out of 162. By Human Rights Watch. Shown Here: Introduced in Senate (05/08/2019) Vietnam Human Rights Sanctions Act of 2019. European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen spoke to Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc on July 29. More than 300 organizations call for international mechanism. The UN Human Rights Council's UPR mechanism was established in 2008 and is one of the outstanding successes, which was built on the principles of transparency, fairness, non-discrimination, and promotion of dialogue and cooperation among nations. So it isn’t an apolitical or human rights based organization. Last modified on Thu 15 Oct 2020 09.19 EDT. Januar 2020 veröffentlichten Jahresbericht von Amnesty International zur Lage der Menschenrechte in der Region Asien-Pazifik hervor. Vietnam is an important security partner in the region but their human rights record remains an obstacle to strengthening relations. 7 Oct 2020 Vietnam has detained prominent human rights campaigner and writer Pham Doan Trang hours after the conclusion of its annual human rights dialogue with the United States. Facebook, Google becoming 'human rights-free zones' in Vietnam: Amnesty. 4 Does Vietnam have religious freedom? World Report 2020 - Vietnam Vietnam did little to improve its abysmal human rights record in 2019. Attached new guidance on Hoa Hao Buddhism. Vietnam has arrested a prominent blogger and dissident for “anti-state activities” hours after its government held annual talks on human rights with the United States, sources and international human rights groups said on Oct. 7. Leaders Strike Investment Deal, but Political Hurdles Await. Washington, DC (STL.News) The US Department of State released the following statement:. Human Rights Infectious Diseases The International Labor Organization estimates that the lockdowns of the 2020 pandemic have affected a staggering 2.7 … 19 Jun 2020 Content Type: Article; Pakistan: Police clash with garment workers protesting job losses and unpaid wages as they bear the brunt of cancelled orders Date: 28 May 2020 Content Type: Article; Vietnam: 50,000 garment worker jobs at risk as brands cancel orders en masse amidst COVID-19 pandemic Date: 27 May 2020 Content Type: Article In the so-called “Notice calling for nomination of candidates for the Vietnam Human Rights Award 2020” broadcast on 7/7/2020 of this organization says that the Vietnam Human Rights Award was established by VNHRN since 2002 and awarded annually, to commemorate the achievements of nonviolent struggle for the ideal of human rights in Vietnam. The report for China is notably critical of it. The new EU-Vietnam trade agreement entered into force on 1 August 2020. 7 How are laws made in Vietnam? 4 min. 5 What is Vietnam’s government like? Vietnam has arrested a prominent blogger and dissident for “anti-state activities” hours after its government held annual talks on human rights with the United States, sources and international human rights groups said on Oct. 7. Cambodia is building its democratic future after years of a particularly liberticidal dictatorship. Viet Nam: Human rights champion arrested, at grave risk of torture. Amnesty International reported that the number of prisoners of conscience in Vietnam was up by roughly 33 percent over 2018. mendations partially out of the total of 182 recommendations (96.2%) it had pledged to honor during the last UPR four years ago. This bill requires the President to (1) impose financial sanctions on, and prohibit U.S. entry by, nationals of Vietnam who are complicit in human rights abuses committed against nationals of Vietnam or their family members, regardless of whether such abuses occurred in Vietnam; and (2) submit to … A member of the Hoa Hao Buddhist community, and a prominent advocate for religious freedom in Vietnam, Truyen’s case is just one example of the dismal human rights situation in the country. Officials often arrest political critics for their posts on the internet. Source: Pham Doan Trang Facebook The year 2020 was in many ways a pivotal one in terms of human rights regression in Vietnam. For Vietnam to benefit from the FTA, it will have to improve its record on human rights, labor and the environment in order to comply with EU trade policy. June 3, 2020. The United States aims to be a vital partner in supporting a strong, prosperous and independent Vietnam that contributes to international security, engages in free, fair and reciprocal trade, and respects human rights and the rule of law. Note from Business & Human Rights Resource Centre: In April 2020, we asked HSBC and 18 other banks to respond to the report, Banking on Climate Change 2020. Therefore, we respectfully request that you raise these issues directly with the Vietnamese government and that you review imposing Global Magnitsky Act sanctions against individuals for grave human rights abuses. Hong Kong ranked number 3 for 2020 despite on going crackdowns on pro democracy protesters. ILLINOIS, U.S., June 22, 2020 – In the 2019 Report on Political Prisoners and Activists at Risk in Vietnam, w e highlight Vietnam’s troublesome human rights record over the past year. Last modified on Thu 15 Oct 2020 09.19 EDT. Updated: 21 April 2020 1. Vietnam: RSF condemns arrest of famous human rights activist writer. A Vietnamese worker toils in a garment factory in a file photo. World + 7 more. 7 How are laws made in Vietnam? This report on human rights in … The Human Rights Context in 2020 Pham Doan Trang’s books. She is a leading figure in the struggle for human rights in Viet Nam. By USDOS – US Department of State. USCIRF Releases New Report about Religious Prisoners of Conscience in Vietnam. 2 What rights do Vietnamese citizens have? Vietnam’s consistent view is not to prohibit the development of Internet, but its ‘reverse side’, which is contrary to cultural identity, national customs … We bring you news, analysis, and actions regarding human rights and civil society in Vietnam during the week of November 9-15. “ At this point, I agree too much,” freelance journalist Pham Doan Trang, a human rights activist from Vietnam, told the BBC on September 30, 2020. According to Amnesty Thailand, at least 59 human-rights defenders have been victims of forced disappearance since 1998.

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