Chapter 8 Theories on mental health and illness Patricia Barkway Key points • Mental health and mental illness are complex, distinct entities that are not necessarily mutually exclusive. It includes various conditions, diseases, and illness, along with: The impact of genetically inherited conditions on welfare and social health varies from one individual to another. The influence of culture on health is vast. internal and external factors that are involved in the process of behavior change. Illness behavior — the manner in which people differentially perceive, evaluate and respond to symptoms — may be viewed from at least three general perspectives. Second, the reports’ attribution of deaths to each of the four categories were based on the opinions of 40 experts, a study design 26.3% 15.8% 10.8% 48.5% Lifestyle Human Biology Environment The sociology of health and illness requires a global approach of analysis because the influence of societal factors varies throughout the world. One animating factor behind the current discussion over social determinants of health is the rise of U.S. health care costs — projected to increase an average of … Promotion of individual and population health, with emphasis on the biological factors is essential. This influence can be reactive, e.g. Secondly, to reveal the factors influencing the correct recognition. Good nutrition is essential for normal growth … What influences health and what can bring about change? Health psychologists study how patients handle illness, why some people don’t follow medical advice and the most effective ways to control pain or change poor health habits. Health begins where we live, work, learn, and play — long before we visit the doctor’s office or walk in our local pharmacies. Patients and their families bring culture specific ideas and values related to concepts of health and illness, reporting of symptoms, expectations for how health care will be delivered, and beliefs concerning medication and treatments. Also known as social and physical determinants of health, they impact a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes. Factors Influencing the Increased Prevalence of Mental Illness. Psychological factors both influence and are influenced by physical func-tioning (Jones, 2006; Ryffa et al., 2006). The most important of these This chapter describes the contents and structure of subjective perceptions of health and illness, which are coherent theories in which individuals’ health-related knowledge is integrated and that then serve to guide their coping with health issues as part of dynamic self-regulation processes that take place over time. The sociology of health and illness requires a global approach of analysis because the influence of societal factors varies throughout the world. The social determinants of health are unequally distributed across ethnic groups, leading to unjust and preventable health inequalities. How culture influences health beliefs. The important factors which determine health are: 1) heredity 2) environment 3) life-style 4) socio - economic conditions 5) health services 6) health related systems. Predisposing factors exist long before onset ofillness.Precipitating factors are stressors occurringjust before the appearance of symptoms, eitherwhen illness is first experienced, or when itrelapses.Perpetuating factors prevent or delayresolution or improvement of symptoms.Protective factors reduce a person’svulnerability to the illness. They include: Studies have shown that many mental illnesses tend to run in families. 35. Long term stress affects the body systems and anxiety affects health habits; conversely, calm acceptance and relaxation can actually change body responses to illness. Factors Affecting Indigenous peoples’ Health Along with some common factors, indigenous peoples are suffering from particular factors that mainstream people never encounter, such as, indigeneity, colonial and post-colonial experience, rurality, lack of governments’ recognition and … Mental health across the lifespan While the factors that support mental health are not as well understood as those that influence mental illness, Figure 2 presents the developmental tasks that are generally considered to be important to wellbeing across the lifespan for … Much is known about the influences of sex and gender on health and disease; however, much more is unknown. Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. 707. With economic factors affecting healthcare industry in mind, it is imperative to note that out of pocket spending is not a major player in the industry. People often think of mental health as a very personal matter that has to do only with the individual. However, the state of the economy affects a wide range of public policies which, directly impact hospital revenues. Mentally healthy human being is influenced by internal and external factors. (D1) Evaluate the influence of government on factors that contribute to the current patterns of health and illness in the UK – Over the course of the last 50 years in the UK the government (England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland) have made a great effort in order to improve the overall health of the general population in the UK. Several psychological factors including stress, behavior due to chronic pain, depression, and cultural beliefs can have adverse affects on the body’s physical condition. The internal factor is the factor that comes from within a person such as traits, talents, descent and so forth. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factors -- such as stress, abuse, or a traumatic event -- which can influence, or trigger, an illness … “Psychosocial” factors such as stress, hostility, depression, hopelessness, and job control seem associated with physical health—particularly heart disease. A series of environmental and lifestyle factors play an important role too. Psychological dimension emotional factors influencing health include mind-body interactions and self-concept. External variables influencing a person’s health beliefs and practices include family practices, cultural background, and socioeconomic factors, such as income. Stress experienced and perceived can affect one’s psychological well-being. 4. While contagious and hereditary illness are common, there are many The environment has many influences on health and illness. 35. Diseases are examined and compared based on the traditional medicine, economics, religion, and culture that is specific to each region. making decisions about smoking cessation based on beliefs about health and belief in … Health psychology is the study of psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare. Their illness rates have both been 10% higher than those of White women in 1991, 2001 and 2011. There are several factors which directly or indirectly affect the health. Schizophrenia is a multifaceted, incapacitating mental illness affecting insight, emotions, cognition, social interaction and choice. Health is influenced by a number of factors which exist within the individual and the society. There is also evidence of differences in treatment. 3, 4 Because of this the “psychosocial hypothesis” proposes that psychosocial factors are an important cause of health … Learn how social factors promote mental health, influence the onset and course of mental illness, and affect how mental illnesses are diagnosed and treated. 18 What makes us healthy? Abstract This review addresses the importance of studies of human psychoneuroimmunology in understanding the role of psychological factors in physical illness. These factors all have an effect on each other, to demonstrate the interactions between the biological, psychological and social aspects … Factors that can affect your mental health. Several psychological factors including stress, behavior due to chronic pain, depression, and cultural beliefs can have adverse affects on the body’s physical condition. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factors -- such as stress, abuse, or a traumatic event -- which can influence, or trigger, an illness … Physical factors affecting health and well-being. “…a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”– The World Health Organization. Health psychology focuses on how biological, social and psychological factors influence health and illness. Such factors can impact social, physical, and psychological health and well-being among humans. -. Factors that influence mental health The term ‘psychosocial’ relates to the way that social factors affect states of mind. Multiple factors can affect the physical health and psychological well-being of workers. Inequalities in health stem from the conditions of people's lives, including living conditions, work environment, age, and other social factors, and how these affect people's ability to respond to illness. It is affected by many factors: 1- External factors: nutrition, exercise, sleeping habits and bad habits like illegal drugs or alcohol intake. The environment in which we grow up and live can have very strong effects on our health. Many other factors contribute to personal disease risk, including genetic factors and levels of physical activity. It's likely that for many people there is a complicated combination of factors – although different people may be more deeply affected by certain things than others. A crucial premise in the study of illness behaviour is that illness, as well as illness experience, is shaped by sociocultural and social-psychological factors, irrespective of their genetic, physiological Lifting weights routinely can help to ease stress and insomnia, according to the Training Station website. Variables affecting illness behaviour usually come into play well before any medical scrutiny and treatment (Mechanic, 1978). The factors, which affect human health and cause disease, can be dividing into two categories: Intrinsic or Internal Factors. Extrinsic or External Factors. The factors such as malfunctioning of the body parts, hormonal imbalances, malfunctioning of immune system and genetic disorders,... b. This intersectionality is important, but the heavy influence of societal factors often goes ignored. Psychosocial factors affect both psychological as well as physical functioning over time 5 which can lead to either adaptive or maladaptive illness behaviors. Such behaviors are intended to reduce susceptibility to disease, as well as to reduce the effects of chronic diseases when they occur in the individual. critical to the health and well-being of populations has grown and the determinants of health are now almost univer-sally accepted by health systems across the world. 1, 2 Adverse risk profiles in terms of psychosocial factors seem to cluster with general social disadvantage. The greatest threats to health in both developing and developed countries are the consequences of poverty and socio-economic inequity. During the assessment phase of the nursing process, data are gathered to determine a patient's state of health and to identify factors that may affect well-being. lack of essential nutrients → illness or disease). External factors pertain to the direct outer environment, the geographical location and micro-organisms that could affect an individual's health. People with a mental illness often encounter stigma and discrimination from a variety of sources, reinforcing negative self-perceptions and influencing their health and well-being. Presentation Title: Health and Illness - Chipola College. Among these social, cultural, and environmental factors play dominant role for determining the individual and group health. Environmental Dimension The environment has many influences on health and illness. Health is often portrayed to decline significantly with age and in many cases this is true. Protective and risk factors may also influence the course mental health disorders might take if present. The findings of this study highlight many factors that could influence access to mental health care service among people with mental illness in the Gambia. We examined how contextual factors influence the physical health of this population. drinking more due to stress, or proactive, e.g. Many other Unfortunately, information alone does not necessarily exert much influence on refractory health - impairing habits." Variables affecting illness behaviour usually come into play well before any medical scrutiny and treatment (Mechanic, 1978). However, mental illnesses and mental health in general are affected by the combination of biological and genetic factors, psychology, and society. Psychological factors can affect health directly. The presence or absence and various combinations of protective and risk factors contribute to the mental health of youth. Over the past 60 years or so, the study of stress has provided a major link in explaining the behavioral variables and the biological factors that influence physical health. Knowledge "Heightened awareness and knowledge of health risks are important preconditions for self-directed change. For example: Persistent inequalities are seen in the health of Pakistani and Bangladeshi women. Most aspects of mental illness and psychological well-being are influenced by social factors (such as gender, social class, race and ethnicity, and household patterns) and social institutions (such as disability and social security systems, labor markets, and health care organizations). conditions also influences health. Health types: 1-Physical : It means the body functions are functioning well without any injuries or diseases. Mental health problems can have a wide range of causes. These will remain the major threats to the health of children, young people and adults even in developed countries. in treatment. By. Person's who may be at risk of acquiring a disease. Whether people are healthy or not, is determined by their circumstances and environment. The social determinants of health in poverty describe the factors that affect impoverished populations' health and health inequality. Housing,sanitation, climate and pollution of air, food, and water are elements in the environmental dimensions.
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