Wild elephant (Loxodonta africana) breeding herds respond to artificially transmitted seismic stimuli. A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing. Miller, L., M. Chase, C. Hacker. In dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry. September 15, 2016 Accessed Joubert, D. 2006. Central African elephant conservation strategy . Meghan Howard (author), Radford University, Karen Powers (editor), Radford University, Alex Atwood (editor), Radford University, Marisa Dameron (editor), Radford University, Tanya Dewey (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. A "soft chirp" shows submission or intimidation. rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. L'éléphant d'Afrique est le plus grand animal terrestre du monde. The range of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) is patchily distributed across central and southern Africa in the Ethiopian Region. Loxodonta africana | 4 The Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland of which 7,986 are estimate d to be mature based on a 38% mature herd structure (Owen-Smith 1988). Page. Data-driven discovery of the spatial scales of habitat choice by elephants. Archie, E., T. Morrison, C. Foley, C. Moss, S. Alberts. Zumpt, F., H. Wetzel. animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. But in this article, we mainly focus on African elephants and … Disclaimer: a species whose presence or absence strongly affects populations of other species in that area such that the extirpation of the keystone species in an area will result in the ultimate extirpation of many more species in that area (Example: sea otter). En revanche, l'éléphant du désert, qui ne subsiste aujourd'hui qu'en Namibie et au Mali, n'est pas une sous-espèce mais il s'agit d'éléphants de savane qui se sont accoutumés aux conditions difficiles du désert[2]. Maternal position only affects the young if the mother is the leader of the herd, in which case, the young will be the next leader of the herd. They have grey skin and differ in the size of their ears and tusks, and in … Age, musth and paternity success in wild male African elephants, Loxodonta africana. They are worn down, lost, and replaced throughout their lives. Harris, G., G. Russell, R. van Aarde, S. Pimm. L'espèce est présente dans les forêts dell 'Afrique Central. The number of offspring is usually limited to one for each birthing period but in rare cases, twins may be born. Leur habitat typique est le grand savane Bordée d'arbres, mais peut également être adapté à … This material is based upon work supported by the Jump to navigation Jump to search. 2010. Wood, T. Rodwell, S. Puria, S. Partan, R. Keefe, D. Shriver, B. Arnason, L. Hart. Hair that varies in color, length, and thickness can be found along the body. Both are herbivores and live in groups. They will make these calls to warn or gather others in their herd or to signal they are ready to mate. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia. They weigh up to 10,000 pounds and grow to 12 feet tall. Using their trunks as a temporary container or holding, African elephants use their trunks to gather water and shoot it into their mouths. Movement patterns of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in different habitat types. The gestation period is about 22 months but is strongly influenced by environmental factors. However, about 70% of the current range is unprotected lands. 2004. They tend not to be territorial, and they roam large ranges through several habitats and across international borders. When female elephants give birth, they will move away from the herd in order to allow space for the offspring. Il fait partie des éléphants contemporains survivants. L' Éléphant de savane d'Afrique ou simplement Éléphant de savane (Loxodonta africana) est une espèce de mammifères de la famille des Éléphantidés. In order to obtain bark or roots, African elephants will overturn a tree to for easier access. Zoo Biology, 29/2: 192-209. 20Hz. Males will reach sexual maturity around 20 years of age, while females will reach sexual maturity around 11 years of age. Currently, African elephants are the largest terrestrial organism. Loxodonta africana currently occur in sub-Saharan Africa, ... exacerbating the problem of declining elephant populations and habitat fragmentation. Nasseri, N., L. McBrayer, B. Schulte. From 1979 to 1989 the number of African elephants in the wild was reduced by more than half, from 1,300,000 to 600,000, partly as a result of commercial demand for ivory. Rules of habitat use by elephants Loxodonta africana in southern Africa: Insights for regional management. Depending on the season and location, herds may depend more on one or the other feeding technique. They are threatened by habitat loss and poaching. Hair around the eyes is long in order to prevent foreign objects from entering the eyes. The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides! in deserts low (less than 30 cm per year) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity. ii … African elephants have creased, gray skin covered with papillae. A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. Cette espèce se rencontre en prairie, marécage, et bord de fleuve, jusqu'en Afrique du Sud. They are found in dense forests, open and closed savannas, grasslands, and in the deserts of Namibia and Mali. Stable isotope turnover and variability in tail hairs of captive and free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana) reveal dietary niche differences within populations. L'éléphant d'Afrique est considéré comme une espèce menacée de disparition. This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. (Laursen and Bekoff, 1978; Poole, et al., 2007), African elephants are viviparous animals, meaning that they birth their young live. When they return, all members of the herd will inspect the new elephant thoroughly. Mbaya, A., M. Ogwiji, H. Kumshe. They breed once every 3-9 years, and will give birth to an average of four calves in their lifetime. Koedoe, 13/1: 109-122. Il … Currently, most still consider them same species, Loxodonta africana. Grooming consist of African elephants using their trunks to cover themselves with mud or water, and the process helps them maintain hydration. Their large ears are converted into leather to make purses. Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. Bulls will put up a fight in order to mate, by chasing the females if they retreat. These predators will attempt to hunt elephants at night, due to the safety level decreasing because the herd cannot see well at night. Video of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) filmed in their natural habitat. Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes). L'élevage dans un environnement clos artificiel des éléphants de savane d'Afrique est difficile. The gestation period may be shorter if the environmental factors are favorable for newborns survival. 2015. Greco, B., C. Meehan, J. Hogan, K. Leighty, J. Mellen, G. Mason, J. Mench. (Greco, et al., 2016; Laursen and Bekoff, 1978; Lee and Moss, 2012; Miller, et al., 2016; Thouless, 1996), If enough essential resources are present African elephants will move as little as 1.5 Km a day. Une éléphante avec son petit, au Matetsi Safari Area, Zimbabwe. Another reason for the decline of African elephants is that they are losing their habitats due to human development and expansion. They are dormant in the early morning hours with an additional sleep midday for a total of 4 hours of sleep every day. Their regular pace is 6 km/hour but, they can reach speeds of up to 24 km/hour when running. They live in herds consisting of related females and their calves. having the capacity to move from one place to another. HABITAT SELECTION OF AFRICAN ELEPHANTS (LOXODONTA AFRICANA) AFTER REINTRODUCTION IN DINOKENG GAME RESERVE Jeanette de Hoog A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Johannesburg, May 2014 . one of the sexes (usually males) has special physical structures used in courting the other sex or fighting the same sex. Thouless (1996) reported that African elephants' home range can vary from 102 to 5527 km within a period of 25 months. September 15, 2016 They breed year-round with no seasonal differences. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155146 pmid: 27415629 African elephants are found throughout sub-Saharan Africa, where they typically live in plains, woodlands, and forests. Genetic identification of five strongyle nematode parasites in wild African elephants (Loxodonta africana). 1970. Nowak, R. 1999. The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. Their feet can be preserved and made into furniture. Vegetation is typically sparse, though spectacular blooms may occur following rain. African elephants have muscular trunks that are able to grab objects and can be used for breathing purposes. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032357/elephant?source =youtube_16485 The forest elephant is mostly found in central and western Africa’s equatorial forests, while the savannah elephant is found throughout the grassy plains and bushlands of the continent. Appendix I means the species is in danger of extinction. Many of their calls are low frequency calls of ca. Elephant ivory trade in China: Trends and drivers. If elephants are raiding crops for food and people come to stop them, the elephants might chase down the people and kill them. The African Elephant Specialist Group believes that more extensive research is required to support the proposed re-classification. Trunks and tusks Elephant ears radiate heat to help keep these large animals cool , … From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species. and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). En 2014, ses effectifs sont évalués à 352 000 individus, soit 30 % de moins qu'en 2007[3]. Dominance rank relationships among wild female African elephants, Loxodonta africana. ranking system or pecking order among members of a long-term social group, where dominance status affects access to resources or mates. Contributor Galleries See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome. at http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. They can grab objects due to the unique shape at the end of the trunk. 2006. McLean, E., J. Kinsella, P. Chiyo, V. Obanda, C. Moss, E. Archie. Chafota, J., N. Owen-Smith. 2012. Habitat Regions; tropical; terrestrial; Terrestrial Biomes; forest; rainforest; scrub forest; Wetlands; swamp; Other Habitat Features; riparian; Range elevation 100 to 400 m 328.08 to 1312.34 ft; Physical Description. , Assessment of body condition in African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants in North American zoos and management practices associated with high body condition scores. Il fait partie des éléphants conte… Adult African elephants have lophodont dentition, with 6 molars that grow and move forward, like on a conveyor belt. 2006. Les différents éléphants africains ont longtemps été considérés comme des représentants de sous-espèces du taxon Loxodonta africana. The males will thrust repeatedly into the females for up to 2 mins. Remnant populations exist as far northwest as Guinea-Bissau and as far northeast as Ethiopia. Les forêts tropicales humides de la région est définie, nous pouvons établir que les éléphants en toute sécurité sont en forêt Congo, Gabon, Zaïre et dans le sud République centrafricaine. Laursen, L., M. Bekoff. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria. The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support. In the wild, African elephants live for an average of 60-70 years. Le braconnage lié au commerce de l'ivoire, notamment avec le continent asiatique et la perte de l'habitat sont les causes principales de son déclin. L'Éléphant de savane d'Afrique ou simplement Éléphant de savane (Loxodonta africana) est une espèce de mammifères de la famille des Éléphantidés. living in sub-Saharan Africa (south of 30 degrees north) and Madagascar. However, during the dry seasons when food is less abundant, they will be more flexible with what they consume. May forage as far as 80 km from water Ecologically the two sub-species occupy different environments with little overlap Savanna (or bush) elephants Occupy lowland and montane forests, flood plains, and all types of woodland and savanna PLoS One, 11/7: e0144276. African elephants do have a mutualistic relationship with birds, as the birds will feed on the skin parasites of the elephants, providing them a meal while ridding the elephants of some parasites. The impact of tree modification by African elephant (Loxodonta africana) on herpetofaunal species richness in northern Tanzania. These herds have a matriarchal order, and consist of females (cows) and their young. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T12392A3339343. Il s'agit d'un des plus grands animaux terrestres, qui mesure en moyenne 4 mètres à l'épaule et pèse environ 6 tonnes pour le mâle et 4 tonnes pour la femelle. "Loxodonta africana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Genetic evidence suggests that there may be at least 2 species of African elephants, the Savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana africana) and the Forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 16/20: 1152-1158. Un éléphant dans le Parc national Kruger. Accessed elephant (Loxodonta africana) and the African forest elephant (L. cy-clotis), represent a unique system in which to study the influences of phylogeny, diet, and habitat on microbial communities in wild popula-tions. However, these predators are not the problem for the African elephant population. During this time they scavenge for food and groom themselves. Both sexes have two thick, ivory tusks which are curved and can reach up to 350 cm in length. Codron, J., K. Kirkman, K. Duffy, M. Sponheimer, J. Lee-Thorp, A. Ganswindt, M. Clauss, D. Codron. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 26/1: 19-25. Loxodonta africana by zoo (52 C) S Suzy (elephant) (4 F) Media in category "Loxodonta africana in zoos" The following 141 files are in this category, out of 141 total. Juillet 2018. Contrairement à ce dernier, il a été très peu étudié, bien qu'il soit menacé par la chasse et la destruction de la forêt primaire. Les deux espèces actuelles de ce genre, l'Éléphant de savane et l'Éléphant de forêt étaient autrefois considérées comme une même espèce. at http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0003902. 2016. Bulls will live a life in solitary or with a few other bulls. Typically during the wet seasons, African elephants are more particular about they consume. Loxodonta africana. Mais la Chine interdit tout commerce d'ivoire sur son territoire à partir de 2018[6]. generally wanders from place to place, usually within a well-defined range. Deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate. 2008. The days and nights of zoo elephants: Using epidemiology to better understand stereotypic behavior of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in North American zoos. Soltis, J. 2012. Additional support has come from the Marisla Foundation, UM College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Museum of Zoology, and Information and Technology Services. For example, their destruction or altering of trees positively influences herpetofaunal diversity, as they create more three-dimensional habitat diversity for these herps. Hair that grows along the back and tail is flattened dark hair that can grow to 0.80 m in length. (Laursen and Bekoff, 1978; Miller and Andrews, 2013), African elephants reportedly have been known to live up to a maximum of 65 years in captivity. At the beginning of the 21st century, fewer than 50,000 Asian elephants remained in the wild. African elephants (Loxodonta africana) filmed in their natural habitat. Alfred L. Roca, Nicholas Georgiadies, Jill Pecon-Slattery et Stephen J. O'Brien, « Genetic Evidence for Two Species of Elephant in Africa », 24 August 2001, Jardin Zoologique de Berlin-Friedrichsfelde, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Éléphant_de_savane_d%27Afrique&oldid=177341405, Taxobox utilisant une classification non précisée, Article manquant de références depuis juillet 2019, Article manquant de références/Liste complète, Article avec une section vide ou incomplète, Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, Éléphant de savane d'Afrique en Afrique du Sud. the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. 2016. More specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits (a continuous, modular society) - as in clonal organisms. Convergent in birds. They have a long trunk that is very flexible and has nostrils on the end. 2008. (Carey and Judge, 2000; Nowak, 1999; Weigl, 2005; Wiese and Willis, 2004). During both seasons, African elephants tend to pick food sources that are high in nutritional content. Il s'agit d'un des plus grands animaux terrestres, qui mesure en moyenne 4 mètres à l'épaule et pèse environ 6 tonnes pour le mâle et 4 … Female elephants can range from 2,000 to 3,500kg in mass and stand 2.2 to 2.6m at shoulder height. Gao, Y., S. Clark. L éléphant de forêt africain se différencie de l éléphant de savane par plusieurs caractères morphologiques, écologiques et moléculaires. Hunting behaviour of lions (Panthera leo) on elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Chobe National Park, Botswana. L'Éléphant de savane d'Afrique ou simplement Éléphant de savane (Loxodonta africana) est une espèce de mammifères de la famille des Éléphantidés. African Journal of Ecology, 34/3: 284-297. African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana). - Acheter cette photo libre de droit et découvrir des images similaires sur Adobe Stock They are African elephants (Loxodonta Africana) and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Before African elephant populations were constricted to large reservations for protection, they migrated hundreds of kilometers seasonally, from high to low altitudes and vice versa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 41/1: 21-28. Aspects of the reproductive biology and breeding management of Asian and African elephants Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana. (Bennett, 2015; Blanc, 2008; Laursen and Bekoff, 1978). Codron, J., J. Lee-Thorp, M. Sponheimer, D. Codron, R. Grant, D. De Ruiter. Fly parasites (Diptera: Oestridae and Gasterophilidae) of the African elephant Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach) and their problems. Environmental Conservation, 32/1: 50-63. International Journal for Parasitology, 4/1: 43-48. (Blanc, 2008; Laursen and Bekoff, 1978; Thomas, et al., 2008), African elephants are found in many habitats of Africa such as savannas, rain forests, woodlands, scrub forests, occasionally deserts, and beaches. Blanc, J. Il présente également une taille moyenne plus importante et un dos concave. gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate), post-independence association with parents, maternal position in the dominance hierarchy affects status of young, body parts are source of valuable material, Longevity Records: Life Spans of Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Fish, South African Journal of Wildlife Research, International Journal of Comparative Psychology, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th Edition: Volume 2, Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12392A3339343.en, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0144276, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0003902. Journal of Mammalogy, 8/1: 27-34. PLOS ONE 11, e0155146 (2016). Some management efforts have been successful at increasing local populations, so much so that contraception or trap-and-relocate programs had to be implemented to sustain the habitat. A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5° N or S latitude). Thomas, B., J. Holland, E. Minot. Occurrence and seasonality of internal parasite infection in elephants, Loxodonta africana, in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. En Tanzanie, ou encore au Mozambique, ce sont la moitié des éléphants qui ont été décimés en l'espace de 5 ans (2009-2014)[5]. communicates by producing scents from special gland(s) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them. Soltis (2010) reports 3 other calls made by these elephants. Legal ivory trade in a corrupt world and its impact on African elephant populations. Il s'agit d'un des plus grands animaux terrestres, qui mesure en moyenne 4 mètres à l'épaule et pèse environ 6 tonnes pour le mâle et 4 tonnes pour la femelle. By the middle ages, the species became extinct in northern Africa primarily due to the ivory trade (Scullard 1974). Sexual maturity occurs at different ages for males and females. So, threats are on-going. namely the Savanna Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and the Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis). Ancient range was all of Africa except the Sahara. An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants. Toutefois quelques zoos y parviennent, comme le Jardin Zoologique de Berlin-Friedrichsfelde. CITES appendices list African elephants in both Appendix I and Appendix II. Wittemyer, G. 2011. "Loxodonta africana" (On-line). (Miller, et al., 2016), African elephants communicate acoustically with others of their species. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Elephant (Loxodonta africana) home ranges in Sabi Sand Reserve and Kruger National Park: A five-year satellite tracking study. Male elephants are larger, ranging from 4,500 to 6,100kg in mass and standing 3.2 to 4m at shoulder height. This is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants. Organization(s): IUCN; IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC), African Elephant Specialist Group ; Publication Year: 2005. However, illegal poaching that is not prosecuted has the same negative impact. 2013. African Journal of Ecology, 49/2: 133-140. (Joubert, 2006; Laursen and Bekoff, 1978). National Science Foundation Distribution & habitat. Ivory can be sold for a high price, allowing someone to live off the price of a few pounds. (Hildebrandt, et al., 2006; Laursen and Bekoff, 1978; Poole, et al., 2007), In African elephant herds, primarily the mother and other females assist in taking care of the young. African elephants have a herbivorous diet consisting of tree foliage, fruits, herbs, grasses, and wood including roots, twigs, and bark. The term is used in the 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals to refer collectively to species categorized as Endangered (E), Vulnerable (V), Rare (R), Indeterminate (I), or Insufficiently Known (K) and in the 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals to refer collectively to species categorized as Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), or Vulnerable (VU). The African elephants can hear one of these calls from over 2km away. African elephants will feed continuously throughout the day, eating opportunistically. These species diverged from a common ancestor 2.6–5.6mya (Rohland et al., 2010) and are the two most closely related taxa There is a wide variety to the kind of parasites that infect African elephants such as flukes (Protofasciola robusta), ticks, blood sucking flies (Anthomyidae), roundworms (Strongyloides papillosus, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Murshidia, Oesophagostomum columbianum), lice, botflies (Pharyngobolus africanus, Platycobboldia loxodontis, Rodhainomyia roverei, Ruttenia loxodontis, Neocuterebra squamosa>>), warble flies (Hypoderma), protozoan parasites (Babesia, Eimeria bovis), and hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale). They can make a variety of calls including rumble, trumpet, snort, roar, bark, and grunt. Across these habitats, the elevation level ranges from sea level (0 meters) to 4000 meters. Newborn African elephants will weigh between 90-120 kg, with 100 kg being the average birth weight. Once the sixth set of molars is worn down, there are no additional teeth to replace them and the elephant is not able to process forage. i DECLARATION . Males are broader with a curvy build. Zoo Biology, 23/4: 365-373. Les éléphants sont très répandues dans la plupart des 'Afrique subsaharienne. Lee, P., C. Moss. A young African elephant (Loxodonta africana) in natural habitat, Kruger National Park, South Africa. Their source of fiber comes from chewing on bark but not digesting the bark itself. Bébés éléphants dans le parc national de Chobe, Botswana. A third species, the West African Elephant, has also been postulated. used loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies. Classification, To cite this page: Loxodonta africana . Central African elephant populations are faced with many threats including illegal killing, habitat loss and habitat fragmentation. Offspring are completely dependent on their mother's milk until they are weaned at four months, but continue to occasionally drink their mother's milk for up to three years. PLoS One, 3/12: e3902. Les différents éléphants africains ont longtemps été considérés comme des représentants de sous-espèces du taxon Loxodonta africana. The US Federal List have listed African elephants as a "Threatened" species. 2006. Male African elephants (bulls) tend to only live within a herd if they are not old enough to go out on their own or for mating purposes. 2013. They often are labelled as bioengineers. Ils sont d'habitude moins poilus que leurs cousins asiatiques. In order to combat further decline of African elephants, some populations have been moved to protected areas to prevent poaching. Once present in Burundi, Gambia, and Mauritania, they've now been extirpated from those countries. helpers provide assistance in raising young that are not their own. Biological Conservation, 180: 23-30. During the courtship process, bulls approach females and attempts to use their trunk to stroke her. African elephants watch and listen to their surrounding environment for signs of something amiss. There are two subspecies of the African elephant – the forest and the savannah elephant. For example: antlers, elongated tails, special spurs. Wild female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) exhibit personality traits of leadership and social integration. 2014. Accessed They must consume around 50 gallons of water everyday in order to stay hydrated. (Duffy, et al., 2011; Harris, et al., 2008; Laursen and Bekoff, 1978; Mashintonio, et al., 2014). Oryx, 42/1: 66-75. Despite an international ban on the sale of ivory since 1989, trade in illegal ivory doubled from 2007-2014. African elephants are thought to be a keystone species, because in small numbers, they have lasting impacts. Calculation of longevity and life expectancy in captive elephants. There are many parasitic species that use African elephants as their host. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal. While lions (Panthera leo), wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), and Nile crocodiles (Crocodilus niloticus) are predators of African elephants, the majority of these predators prey on the young elephants that lag behind the rest of their group.
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