Cytokinins: Cytokinins are generally used in plant cell culture at a concentration range of 0.1-10.0 mg/L. The Chilean strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis L. Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. Especially, after transformation studies via Agrobacterium tumefaciens , regeneration capacity of tissue decreases siginificantly due to … The tissue culture responses were observed for shoot multiplication and effect of subculture on rate of shoot multiplication till 8th subculture. in the media for shoot formation and growth of buds [3]. The shoot tips are the tissues that are originally able to regenerate the plant. Caulogenesis: Type of organogenesis by which only adventitious shoot bud initiation take place in the callus tissue. For questions about any terms in this article, please see the Tissue Culture Glossary.To learn more and converse with other tissue culture experts, be sure to join the FlytrapCare Tissue Culture Forums.. Tissue culture, also known as micropropagation, is a propagation method used to produce plants under sterile conditions. Results showed that shoot proliferation occurred only in shoot tip explants cultured vertically on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2 or 4 μM thidiazuron (TDZ). Although the process is more difficult with cannabis or hemp than some other plant species, it can be done. Nurse or feeder culture; Both (a) and (b) None of these; Answer : 3. One of the key steps of the process is the conversion of polyembroids into plantlets. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture: Plant tissue culture is the in vitro manipulation of plant cells and tissues, which is a keystone in the foundation of plant biotechnology. Auxin. Watch 1000+ concepts & tricky questions explained! roots also form via organogenesis ... Be able to describe and explain the various manipulations used to promote rooting during Stage III of micropropagation. Cytokinin induces root differentiation and shoots’ meristematic differentiation. It is a sterile geophyte and is propagated vegetatively through daughter corms. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ culture 20: The shoot-tip culture has been applied in modern agriculture for the production of … The application of NAA higher than 3 mgL-1 was found to suppress shoot growth even in combination with BAP. Occurs as a gas. Apart from species-specific variations, the established way of inducing shoot formation in tissue culture involves a two-step process (Valvekens et al., 1988). ited success in tissue culture protocols, Paphiopedi-lum propagation has still been entirely by asymbiotic germination. For this method, explants (tissue from the plant) are obtained from an in-vitro derived plant and introduced in to an artificial environment, where they get to proliferate. Stimulated defense in stressed plants. 1. Increases stem elongation through cell division and elongation. The APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF)-type transcription factors ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION 1 (ESR1)/DORNRÖSCHEN (DRN) and ESR2/DRN-LIKE (DRNL) are involved in shoot promeristem formation through the control of CUC genes. 20 seconds. Callus Formation and Multiplication. Springer Science & Business Media, Oct 24, 2007 - Science - 502 pages. indirect shoot formation – callus forms first on explant and ii. Large-scale propagation of M. stenopetala by tissue culture methods is feasible and several plantlets can be regenerated from a single shoot tip explant. In step one, explants are incubated on Callus Inducing Media (CIM), typically comprising a nontransported auxin, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) (Delbarre et al ., 1996 ). Changes in metabolite pool sizes and in respiratory activity were monitored over the first 21 days in culture, during which meristematic tissue formation occurred along the entire length of the cotyledon. Essay # 1. The application of tissue culture to the vegetative propagation of plants G. Hussey Rapid asexual proliferation of planile t s can now be obtained from sterile cultures of organs and tissues in an increasingly wide range of species. Gibberellins (GAs) are a group of about 125 closely-related plant hormones that stimulate shoot elongation, seed germination, and fruit and flower maturation. A. Tissue culture involves the culture or growing of small pieces of plant tissue. Equipment and supplies needed for the culture preparation area (Fig. The shoot tips were isolated and multiplied in vitro on shoot propagation medium (SPM) containing MS basal salts (0.4 mg L −1 BA, 0.1 mg L −1 NAA, 6 g L −1 agar, pH 5.8) and vitamins and subcultured onto fresh medium every 8 weeks. It is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation.Different techniques in plant tissue culture may offer certain advantages over traditional methods of propagation, including: (d) High magnification of induced adventitious shoots. Plant tissue culture is the process of taking living tissue from a plant (for example a piece of a leaf, stem, flower, or even a seed) and growing that “explant” into a full plant in sterile conditions. "The formation of tobacco roots, shoots, or callus is regulated by 2 types of growth hormones, auxins and cytokinins. 1993). There are several advantages to tissue culture … Plant tissue culture consists of asexual methods of propagation and its primary objective is crop improvement. Plantlet is a small, young plant produced by the cells of the callus in plant tissue culture. After 1-2 months of culture, the shoots could be cut shorter to 1 cm long and the multiple-shoot clumps could be divided into several smaller clumps for subculture. The cells in the callus directly undergo organogenesis or embryogenesis under the influence of plant growth regulators in the tissue culture medium. L −1 Plant Preservative Mixture, and solidified using 0.25% phytagel to produce in vitro stock plants. 4 Reviews. Banana is a tropical fruit that is consumed by individuals in raw and cooked forms. For easily rooted plants, an auxin is usually not necessary and many commercial labs will skip this step. Plant callus (plural calluses or calli) is a growing mass of unorganized plant parenchyma cells. Root formation and rapid root growth take place immediately after planting, followed by rapid growth of the shoot. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture: Plant tissue culture is the in vitro manipulation of plant cells and tissues, which is a keystone in the foundation of plant biotechnology. Tissue culture involves the use of small pieces of plant tissue (explants) which are cultured in a nutrient medium under sterile conditions. By in vitro propagation of Asparagus, root initiation is difficult, but can be promoted by adding growth retardant ancymidol which also greatly promotes shoot development and suppresses callus formation. It was suspected that ethylene could have accumulated inside the culture vessel which caused the abscission and later browning of these leaves. This study was carried out at tissue culture laboratory – College of Agriculture – Basra University –Iraq. Somatic embryos are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in the development of embryos, i.e. The growing of plant cells, tissues, organs, seeds or other plant parts on a nutrient medium under sterile condition. The controlled conditions provide the culture an environment conducive for their growth and multiplication. answer choices. The nutrient medium ion tissue culture technique contains both the plant hormones Auxin and Cytokinin. Plant development - Plant development - The activity of meristems: Characteristically, vascular plants grow and develop through the activity of organ-forming regions, the growing points. The percentage of explants showing shoot bud formation, number of newly emerged shoots per explant, number of leaves per shoot, and shoot length were recorded at 2-wk intervals. Thirty-six … Introduction. For multiplication of shoots, cytokinins are added to the medium. For this method, explants (tissue from the plant) are obtained from an in-vitro derived plant and introduced in to an artificial environment, where they get to proliferate. Corpus ID: 81481935. A high ratio of cytokinin to auxin favours shoot production, whereas a high auxin to cytokinin … In vi- extensive callus formation can be induced by elevated hormone levels, tissue culture … Taro is herbaceous, but survives from year to year by means of the corms and cormels. In living plants, callus cells are those cells that cover a plant wound. GAs are synthesized in the root and stem apical meristems, young leaves, and seed embryos. Rosa centifolia is one of the most economically important floriculture crops that is grown and used for oil extract which has various applications in pharmaceutical industries. 1c). Shoot and Root Culture Shoot culture is promoted by cytokinins and auxins like NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) The shoot and root cultures are generally controlled by auxin- cytokinins balance Usually an excess of auxin promotes root culture, whereas that of cytokinin promotes shoot culture 16. Types of Tissue Culture Seed Culture. Similarly, NAA is the most effective auxin used in shoot tip culture. Organogenesis is defined as the development of organs, like roots, shoots, and flowers, either directly from an explant, or from the callus culture. Sonia Lall , Dan Nettleton , Rhonda DeCook , Ping Che , and Stephen H Howell ordinary plant tissue. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is used as a spice, a dye and as a traditional medicine. Taro is herbaceous, but survives from year to year by means of the corms and cormels. Tissue culture is a method of biological research in which fragments of tissue from an animal or plant are transferred to an artificial environment in which they can continue to survive and function. ... Embryo culture. Using NAA with kinetin for shoot multiplication was effective than kinetin with IBA. According to FAO data [], the most potatoes are produced in Asia, then in Europe; South America; … During that time, callus is produced through the proliferation of cells derived from the pericycle layer of the root explants. Callus forms. Yepes and Aldwinckle (1994) observed an enhancement of regeneration and shoot development in apple tissue culture by a 250 mgl-1 concentration of cefotaxime, whereas carbenicillin at a dose of 500 mgl-1 stimulated callus development and inhibited regeneration. Despite the high potential for the use of clonal materials, the tissue culture technique for oil palm is difficult and laborious. References Ebert, A. and Taylor, H.F. (1990). One of the popular applications of plant tissue culture is the in vitro clonal propagation - also known as micropropagation. Protoplasts have the ability to form a cell wall and undergo cell division, allowing whole plant regeneration. There are few pathways for tissue culture to form callus and develop roots and shoots such as embryogenesis and organogenesis. During that time, callus is produced through the proliferation of cells derived from the pericycle layer of the root explants. although tissue culture studies of avocado were initiated 50 years ago. After four-week in culture duration, some cultures showed full shoot formation. Shoot bud formation is tissue culture is promoted by. to be maintained in culture. The hormones are regulated in different tissues during the different development stages. Formation of true leaves from the initial shoots was 0-36.4%. organ culture (any organs such as roots, shoots, and anthers). Unlike animal cells, many plant cells are totipotent, meaning that each cell has the capacity to regenerate the entire plant. Using the appropriate growing conditions for each explant type, plants can be induced to rapidly produce new shoots, and, with the addition of suitable hormones new roots. 2/ Agar should be of high quality and preferably of a grade prepared specifically for tissue culture work. Play here. These cells, when induced in-vitro, give rise to whole plants. Article content (One of the accepted protocols for cannabis micropropagation is based on the work of Malik and Saxena, published in 1992, who identified the ideal concretion of thidiazuron (TDZ) to use in the growth media. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture: Volume 1. Due to the limited success in tissue culture protocols, commercial Paphiopedilum prop-agation by growers has still been entirely through asymbiotic germination. BAP is the most effective cytokinin commonly used in shoot tip or meristem culture. Three weeks after, direct shoot formation from flower primordial and leaf formation from outer glumes started (Fig. [12] VAN DEN HOUWE, I., et al., Variability in storage potential of banana shoot cultures under medium term storage conditions, Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Culture 42 (1995) 269-274. Plantlet is a small, young plant produced by the cells of the callus in plant tissue culture. ETHYLENE. 1 ESTABLISHMENT placing explant into culture and having it initiate microshoots. Auxins promote cell elongation (Among other effects) while cytokinins promote cell division and other plant activities. Gibberellic acid. DVENTITIOUS shoot formation in tissue culture Arabidopsis that promote adventitious shoot formation is the means by which many plant species are com- in culture. Shoot and Root Culture Shoot culture is promoted by cytokinins and auxins like NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) The shoot and root cultures are generally controlled by auxin- cytokinins balance Usually an excess of auxin promotes root culture, whereas that of … In commercial settings, Ethylene is a single chemical, in the form of a gas formed through the breakdown of … Tissue culture is the in vitro aseptic culture of cells, tissues, organs or whole plant under controlled nutritional and environmental conditions [] often to produce the clones of plants.The resultant clones are true-to type of the selected genotype. This study examined the effects of plant growth regulators, explant types, and their orientations on in vitro shoot proliferation of Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq. 2.4 Growth Cycle. Plantlets developed by tissue culture were weak and fragile, those from stem cuttings far more robust. Seed culture is the type of tissue culture that is primarily used for plants such as orchids. Morphogenesis of Lysionotus serratus. When added in (b) Calli appeared at the cut edge of a leaf explant on medium containing 0.5 mg L −1 KIN, mm. When added in 1/ EDTA in excess of the concentration found in M&S salts is added to chelate all free Iron. Auxin. Tissue culture produces clones, in which all product cells have the same genotype (unless affected by mutation during culture). culture. Somatic embryogenesis induced by sorbitol stress in ecotype Col. (a) A shoot-apical-tip explant prepared from a 5-day-old seedling. Promotion of shoot and root formation in asparagus in vitro by ancymidol [Growth retardant, tissue culture]. Tissue taken from its original site and transferred to an artificial medium for growth or maintenance. In this communication, we established an efficient protocol for regenerating Paphiopedilum through direct shoot bud formation from leaf culture. Q. Cytokinins: Cytokinins are generally used in plant cell culture at a concentration range of 0.1-10.0 mg/L. Root formation and rapid root growth take place immediately after planting, followed by rapid growth of the shoot. Quantitative trait loci associated with adventitious shoot formation in tissue culture and the program of shoot development in Arabidopsis. In vitro adventitious shoot formation and somatic em-bryogenesis have been employed extensively for many horticultural species (Gupta et al. It is believed to have originated in Southeastern Asia, in countries like India, Philippines, Malaysia, etc. In this study, tobacco tissue culture it used to (1) examine critically the gibberelUn-inhlbition of shoot formation, (2) dispose clues to the probable mechanism underlying this inhibition, and (3) establish the critical period during culture when biochemical analyses of shoot differentiation i mi#it be … The first such gene discovered was CYTOKI-mercially micropropagated, particularly ornamental NIN INDEPENDENT1 (CKI1), a gene that when overex- (a) Wild plant used for tissue culture, cm. Mass of disorganised and unspecialised cells that can be induced to form roots/shoots by carefully balancing amounts of plant growth regulators in nutrient medium. Ethylene. The effect of hormones on callus induction of sorghum and finally to assess the regeneration response of sorghum through tissue culture techniques. The uses of shoot tips and meristem in tissue culture are very varied and include mainly: (iii) Storage of genetic resources. Many important plants contain systemic viruses which substantially reduce their potential yield and quality. It is, therefore, important to produce virus free stocks which can be multiplied. ; The term “tissue culture” is used in a very wide sense. 2,4-D plus 0.45 µM TDZ) could promote direct shoot bud formation from leaf segment explants, and there was 28.6% of explants could form one shoot. vitro tissue culture, and after out-planting into the nursery, tissue culture plantlets need higher levels of subsequent care (i.e. Much has been learned about cytokinin signaling in the past few years; the challenge now is to understand how known steps in cytokinin signaling interface with the process of shoot development in culture and in planta. On plant growth Ethylene. Stewart and Button (1975) used shoot apex of Paphio-pedilum to induce callus, and occasionally, a few plantlets were obtained during subculture. The mechanical support and additional conductive pathways needed by increased bulk are provided by the enlargement of the older parts of the shoot and root axes. Promotes shoot initiation in tissue culture. L −1 Plant Preservative Mixture, and solidified using 0.25% phytagel to produce in vitro stock plants. Essay # 1. Introduction. Duch.) The failure of shoot meristemless tissue to regenerate shoots in tissue culture suggests that this gene regulates adventitious shoot meristem formation, as well as embryonic shoot meristem formation. B. Three main methods are available: (1) precocious axillary shoot formation, (2) induction of adventitious The process is known as organogenesis. Shoot growth and total shoot dry weight show a rapid decline at … Tissue culture is the culture and maintenance of plant cells or organs in sterile, nutritionally and environmentally supportive conditions (in vitro). It has applications in research and commerce. The formation of The main difference between micropropagation and tissue culture is that the micropropagation is the production of a large number of plants from a small plant material whereas tissue culture is the initial step of micropropagation where plant cells are grown in an artificial medium, developing them into a large number of plantlets.Furthermore, micropropagation requires tissue culture … This content is only available via PDF. Plant cell/tissue culture is the in-vitro culture of sterilised plant cells, tissues and/or organs on a nutrient medium. Hall, Geert-Jan De Klerk. cell culture (such as gametic cells, cell suspension, and protoplast culture). @article{Chin1982PromotionOS, title={Promotion of shoot and root formation in asparagus in vitro by ancymidol [Growth retardant, tissue culture]. Somatic embryogenesis is an artificial process in which a plant or embryo is derived from a single somatic cell. Lall S(1), Nettleton D, DeCook R, Che P, Howell SH. It is now more than twenty years since the first edition of this work appeared and nearly fifteen since the second. The formation of a bipolar structure including both shoot and root meristems either of the adventitive origin i.e. Shoot formation was found to be fast on medium supplemented with 1 mgL-1 NAA + 4 mgL-1 BAP, but took longer time on medium with or 1 mgL-1 NAA + 5 mgL-1 BAP as well as medium with 1 – 2 mgL-1 NAA only. Foliage plants, pot plants, and cut flowers can be propagated by tissue culture methods. Shoot number per explant and total shoot number per petri dish are the main indicators of success in plant tissue culture. What is Plantlet. Types of Tissue Culture Seed Culture. Edwin F. George, Michael A. DIFFINITION • It’s a collection of techniques used to maintain or growth of plant cell tissue or organ under sterile condition . Introduction Plant tissue culture is a term containing techniques used to propagate plants vegetatively by using small parts of living tissues (explants) on artificial growth mediums under sterile conditions. Explants regenerate shoots and roots, and consequently whole fertile plants under certain cultural conditions. Tissue Culture or Micropropagation. naturally on plants in response to wounding, infestations, or at graft unions (Bottino, 1981). tissue swelling, cell division, formation of adventitious roots, inhibition of adventitious and axillary shoot formation, callus initiation and growth, and induction of embryogenesis. Promotes apical dominance. Tissue Culture or Micropropagation. This is the first study in East and Central Africa for optimization tissue culture protocol of sorghum. Tissue culture methodology provides a useful way to separate plant chimeras into their component genotypes. 1d). The failure of shoot meristemless tissue to regenerate shoots in tissue culture suggests that this gene regulates adventitious shoot meristem formation, as well as embryonic shoot meristem formation. (c) … Meristem is a type of plant tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells that can continue to divide and differentiate. Apical meristems are found at the apex, or tip, of roots and buds, allowing roots and stems to grow in length and leaves and flowers to differentiate. The growing of plant cells, tissues, organs, seeds or other plant parts on a nutrient medium under sterile condition. Callus is defined as an unorganized tissue mass growing on solid substrate. In this study, tobacco tissue culture it used to (1) examine critically the gibberelUn-inhlbition of shoot formation, (2) dispose clues to the probable mechanism underlying this inhibition, and (3) establish the critical period during culture when biochemical analyses of shoot … 1. Try it now. Shoot growth and total shoot dry weight show a … This fact lies at the foundation of all tissue culture work. increasing level of cytokinin to a callus induces shoot formation and increasing level of auxin promote root formation; increasing level of auxin to a callus induces shoot formation and increasing level of cytokinin promote root formation Shoot regeneration efficiency in tissue culture is usually a quantitative trait that often varies between plant species and within a plant species among subspecies, varieties, cultivars, or ecotypes. Therefore, 0.5 mg/L kinetin combined with 0.01 mg/L NAA was found to be optimal in producing the maximum number of shoots per explant. Cell and tissue culture can be used in a wide range of applications for the genetic improvement of plants [].Efficient regeneration of shoots from cell cultures is important for applications such as embryo rescue following wide hybridisation, generation of somaclonal variation, somatic cell selection, somatic hybridisation, transformation with cloned genes, and genome editing. and also the subsequent rooting ability of shoots. photoperiod and temperature maintenance, subculturing) than plants derived from stem cuttings. Coconut milk and gibberellic acid are also equally effective for the growth of shoot apices in some cases. 4 Steps of micropropagation. The percentage of explants showing shoot bud formation, number of newly emerged shoots per explant, number of leaves per shoot, and shoot length were recorded at 2-wk intervals. There are five major hormones which are auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, and ethylene. the staff of Tissue Culture Division, Coconut Research Institute for their assistance in performing this investigation. For questions about any terms in this article, please see the Tissue Culture Glossary.To learn more and converse with other tissue culture experts, be sure to join the FlytrapCare Tissue Culture Forums.. Tissue culture, also known as micropropagation, is a propagation method used to produce plants under sterile conditions. Tissue taken from its original site and transferred to an artificial medium for growth or maintenance. A tissue culture technique for rapid clonal propagation and storage under minimal growth conditions of Musa (Banana and Plantain), Plant Cell Rep. 4 (1985) 351-354. tissue culture (callus and differentiated tissues). It is performed on an artificial medium under sterile conditions. Books on Google Play. 10 Lakh+ Solutions, PDFs, Exam tricks! When a single shoot is placed on the proper medium, most of the axillary buds will expand and form new shoots. Induction of adventitious shoot formation The maximum frequency of multiple shoot formation (97.95%) and number of differentiated shoots per culture (27.25) was achieved on medium M11 (MS+1.14 μM IAA+19.97 μM BAP). 1A). The best culture medium for shoot generation was SH culture medium supplemented by 1 mg L −1 NAA and 3 mg L −1 BAP. RAP2.6Lfunctions in shoot regeneration because T-DNA knockdown mutations in the gene reduced the efficiency of shoot formation in tissue culture, but not normal embryo or seedling development. There is at present no way to predict the exact growth medium, and growth protocol, to generate a particular type of callus. CLICK HERE. It is useful for plant propagation and the study of plant hormones, and is generally required to manipulate and regenerate transgenic plants. Shoot generation using SH and MS media as well as NAA and BAP compounds can activate and produce more shoots than natural conditions and convert them into corms. 2.4 Growth Cycle. Apne doubts clear karein ab Whatsapp par bhi. The shoot tips were isolated and multiplied in vitro on shoot propagation medium (SPM) containing MS basal salts (0.4 mg L −1 BA, 0.1 mg L −1 NAA, 6 g L −1 agar, pH 5.8) and vitamins and subcultured onto fresh medium every 8 weeks. Tissue culture - is the science of growing plant cells, tissues, or organs under artificial ... bb. There are five major hormones which are auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, and ethylene. is a berry fruit of great agricultural and commercial potential due to its excellent organoleptic properties, its exquisite aroma and flavour, and the exotic white/pink colour of its fruits [].This species is one of the progenitors of the cultivated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) It is commercially propagated through cuttings, but low rooting percentage has always been a problem since rose species are difficult to root. Undifferentiated, highly chlorophyllous cell cultures; undifferentiated white cell cultures; green, shoot-forming cultures; and white, shoot-forming cultures of Digitalis purpurea L. were established and subcultured every 3 weeks in liquid media in the light or in the dark. Seedlings with true leaves were used for micropropagation for further tissue culture experiments. Abstract. Since. Here, we investigated the effect of sodium butyrate (NaB), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, on adventitious shoot formation from protoplast-derived calli and cotyledon explants of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Regarding the tissue culture-based vegetative ... Shoot-trimming before sub-culture promoted shoot multiplication in most genotypes. Cytokinins promote the unfolding of a complex gene expression program in tissue culture that results in the formation of shoots. in-vitro. In a callus culture. The pro-pagation coefficient in one month of culture was 4.2, indica-ting a higher propagating ability (Fig. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a very important crop in agricultural production in the Republic of Macedonia and around the world.It is grown in 180 countries worldwide. In date palms, low hormone concentrations promoted the formation of buds and shoots and shoot height was found severely affected by high hormone concentration (Al-Khateeb, 2006). mancy and enhance shoot formation since it is well demonstrated that the apical dormancy is under control of these growth regulators [2]. Conditions which favor adventitious shoot formation (leaf or callus culture, suspension culture, extremely rapid shoot proliferation rates) encourage genotypic segregation. The first stage of tissue culture initiation is vital for information on what combination of media components will give a friable, fast-growing callus, or a green chlorophyllous callus, or embryo, root or shoot formation. Shoot formation in tissue culture was induced by pre-incubating root explants on callus induction media (CIM) at which time the explants acquire the competence to respond to shoot induction signals . in vitro, sprouts, nodal segments, microtuberisation, shoot formation, root formation.. 1. Assessment of the changes of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid concentrations in plant tissue culture media in the presence of activated charcoal. This prevents iron precipitation of phosphates with consequent fluctuations in pH. PLANT TISSUE CULTURE ASHOK KUMAR MAURYA ashoka.kumar2007@rediff.com. Think of it as chemical pruning without having to remove the apex. The use of in vitro culture has been accepted as an efficient technique for clonal propagation of many woody plants. The best results for multiple shoot production were obtained from the combination of 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) 5 mg/l + Alpha-Naphthalene acetic acid NAA 0.1 mg/l with 80% frequency of shoot formation Bulblet formation was promoted in MS basal medium fortified with BAP 4 mg/l and NAA 0.1 mg/l NAA + 60% sucrose. Arabidopsis ecotypes, Columbia (Col) and Landsberg erecta (Ler), differ in their capacity to regenerate shoots in culture, as do many other cultivars and varieties of the same plant species. ADVENTITIOUS shoot formation in tissue culture is the means by which many plant species are commercially micropropagated, particularly ornamental plants in the families Araceae, Begoniaceae, Gesneriaceae, and Liliaceae (P reil 2003).It is also the means by which many transgenic plants are produced, i.e., by regenerating shoots from transformed cells or tissues.
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